perception final
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| Motion after effect | the illusion of a stationary object that occurs after prolonged exposure to a moving object
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| apparent motion | the impression of smooth motion resulting from rapid alternation of objects. EG. cartoons, moving dots
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| correspondence problem | problem faced by the motion detection system of knowing which feature in frame 2 corresponds to a particular feature in frame 1.
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| Middle temporal lobe | area of brain thought to be most important in perception of motion
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| Who proved MT | newsome and pare
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| interocular transfer | transfer of an eye effect from one to the other
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| first order motion | defined by changes in luminance
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| second order motion | object that is defined by changes in contrast of texture
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| smooth pursuit | type of eye movement in which the eyes move smoothly to follow a moving object.
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| Supper colliculus | a structure in the midbrain that is important in initiating and guiding eye movements
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| three types of eye movements | smooth pursuit, vergence, saccades
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| saccadic supression | in between eye shift, you blank out
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| comparator | an area of the visual sys that received one copy of the order issued by the motor system when the eye moves. can compensate for the image changes caused by eye movement. tells visual system if their is movement
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| optic array | the collection of light rays that interact with objects in the world in front of a viewer. What we see
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| optic flow | determines where we are going. what happens when you move
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| focus expansion | the pt in the center of the horizon from which, when you are in motion, (driving) all points in the perspective image seem to emanate. The one point that is STATIONARY
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| biological motion | pattern of movement of living beings
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| observor can use ........ to identify whether a set of moving lights is attached to a male or female | biological motion
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| CDS | eye movements
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| IMS | Retinal movements
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| attention | can make us more sensitive to some aspects of stimulation and or less sensitive to others
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| selection mechanisms | the nervous sys. provides selective processes that restrict processing to one or a few instances of incoming stimuli.
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| vision | the retina processes a scene selectively by limiting detailed vision of our all cone foveal vision
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| cortical magnification | guarantees that the selected foveal image will receive proportionately large amount of processing
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| cueing | cue is a stimulus that might indicate where or what a subsequent stimulus will be. can be valid, invalid, or neutral
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| visual search | observor looks for a target item among a number of distractors
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| simple probe detection | observer fixates on a point in the start probe, time passes and a test probe appears, observer presses key to indicate whether red dot is on left or right
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| dependent variable | is reaction time; a measure of the time from the onset of a stimulus to a response
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| used to control cue experiments | simple probe detection
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| spotlight model | attention can move from one point to the next. favored by cognitive psy.
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| zoom lens model | attention expands from fixation... grows to fill the whole region... and shrinks to include just the cued location.
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| visual search procedures are ....... than other experiments. | less artificial
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| feature search | a search for a target defined by a single attribute, such as a salient color or orientation
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| conjunction search | search for a target defined by the presence of two or more attributes. EG. red, vertical target among red horizontal and green vertical distractions
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| parallel processing | processing mulitple stimuli at the same time
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| serial self terminating search | items are examined one after another until found
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| limited capacity parallel process | a process that is capable of handling many stimuli at one time but the processes each item more slowly as the number of items increases
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| watering the garden with the adjustable spray nozzle on low | limited capacity parallel processing
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| Feature Integrationg Theory | holds that a limited st of basic features can be processed in parallel preattentively, but that other porperties, including correct binding of features to objects require attention.
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| preattentive stage | a limited set of parallel processors analyze basic feature across the entier field all at once
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| focused attention stage | processing after attention has been deployed. features are combined into a coherent whole
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| FIT two stages | preattentive, focused attention stage
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| binding problem | the challenge of tying diff. attributes of visual stimuli (eg. color, orientation, motion) which are handled bu diff. brain circuits, the appropriate object so that we perceive unified objects (red, verticle, moving right)
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| illusory conjunction | inaccurate combo. of features.
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| false combination | illusory conjunction
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| three ways that the responses of a cell could be changed by attention | enhancement, sharper tuning, altered tuning
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| neglect | inability to attend to or respond to stimuli in the contralesional visual field. EG. patient with left visual neglect wont see anything in left visual field
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| Balint syndrome | failure to attend to more than one object at a time. EG. when shown to objects (a red T and a blue O) patients may report a single illusory conjunction (blue T)
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| trouble reaching for an object, gaze fixedly ahead, can see only one object at a time | balint syndrome
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| change blindness | failure to notice a change between two scence if the meaning of the scene remains Unchanged
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| apeture problem | the fact that when a moving object is viewed through apeture, teh direction of motion of a local feature or part of teh object may be ambiguous.
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| tells visual system if their is movement | comparator
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| direct perception | is the use of environmental cues to generate a percept
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| mirror neuron | is a neuron which fires both when an animal performs an action and when the animal observes the same action performed by another (especially conspecific) animal.
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| inattentional blindness | an observed phenomenon of the inability to perceive features in a visual scene when the observer is not attending to them.
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| three ways a response of a cell could be changed by attention | enhancement, sharper tuning, altered tuning
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| response enhancement | a neuron responding to an attended stimulus might just give a bigger response.
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| sharper tuning | might cause neuron to respond more quickly
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| amplitude | magnitude of displacement of asound pressure wave
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| loudness is ass. with | amplitude
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| intensity | amount of sound energy falling on an are
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| frequency | the number of cycles per second in a wave
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| primary determinent of pitch | frequency
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| greater the amplitude | greater the loudness
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| greater the pitch | the greather the frequency
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| sine wave | pure tone, simplest kind of sound
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| complex tones | are sound waves consisting of more than one sinusoidal component of different frequencies
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| fundamental frequency | the first harmonic, lowest frequency of a complex sound
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| harmonic spectra | caused by simple vibrating source, such as a guitar string
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| harmonics | are the components of the complex tune. Frequency are integar (whole #) multiples
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| hertz | unit of frequency
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| frequency range for humans | 20-20000Hz
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| outer ear | pinna, ear canal, tympanic membrane (ear drum)
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| intensity | associated with the psychologica perception of loudness
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| middle ear | ossicles and oval window
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| inner ear | cochlea, oragan of corti, cochlear partition, hair cells, and cillia
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| sounds waves travel through the outer ear and cause the ______ to vibrate | tympanic membrane (eardrum)
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| pinna | collects sound and funnels them into the ear
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| ear canal | insulates tympanic membrane, resonant tube
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| Tympanic membrane | vibrates
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| Vibrations are amplified | bc outer and middle ear are filled with air, inner ear is filled with liquid
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| magnification helps conpensate for | sound pressure lost in transmission from middle to inner ear
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| hair cells | situated in the organ of corti
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| auditory nerve | function is roughly analogous to visual sys. carries signals from cochlea to higher centers of the auditory system
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| tonotopic organization | an arrangement in which neurons that respond to different freq. are organized anatomically in order of frequency.
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| place theory | where the cochlear partition is vibrating. Explains how high frequencys are heard
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| frequency theory | how fast the cochlear partition is vibrating
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| explains how low frequency sounds are heard | frequency theory
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| conductive hearing loss | caused by problems with the bones of the middle ear.. vibrations are not transmitted effectively
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| sensorineural hearing loss | caused by damage to hair cells. due to excessive exposure to noise, anitbiotics, cancer drugs.
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| most common most serious auditory impairmente | sensorineural hearing loss
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| presbycusis | old ears.
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| tone height | a sound quality whereby a sound is heard to be a higher or lower pitch.
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| tone chroma | a sound shared by tones that have the same octave interva
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| pitch is fundamentally ass. | fundamental frequency
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| consonant | most please, perfect four, octave
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| dissonany | less elegant, minor second, devil in music
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| melody | sequence of sounds perceived to be coherent structure
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| tempo | perceived speed of the presntation of sounds
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| respiration | initiates speech
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| components of speech | respiration, phonation, articulation
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| phonation | adjust airflow,
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| vocal tract, manipulation of jaws, lips, tongue. | articulation
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| Resonator | VT, changes size and shape
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| formants | peaks in the speech pattern
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| phonemes | sounds that change the meaning of a word
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| the overlap of articulation in space and time | coarticulation
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| a change in some variable along a continuum is perceived, not as gradual but as instances of discrete categories | Categorical perception
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| timbre | a listener can judge that two sounds that have the same loudness and pitch are dissimilar.
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| proprioception | body can sense the location of limbs
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| mechanoreceptors | sensory receptors responsive to mechanical stimulation (pressure and vibration)
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| respond to mechanical stimulation | mechanoreceptors
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| Detects internal sensations, pain, temp. | kinesthesia
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| thermoreceptors | inform us about changes in skin temp.
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| nociceptors | sensory receptors that transmit info. about noxious stimulation
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| haptic | active and info. seeking.
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| tactile agnosia | inability to identify objects by touch
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| adaptation | receptors become adapted and you no longer notice the odor
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| cross adaptation | smelling one odor reduces sensitivity to another
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| cognitive habituation | only reservsible after an extended period of time away from the odor
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| first gate keeper | smell then taste.
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| neurogenesis | the receptors for taste and smell are constantly being generated going through a regular cycle of birth and death
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| flavor | combined experience of smell and true taste
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| odorants | chemical compounds that arre stimulus for smell.
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| a sensation of a particular smell | odor
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| olfactory sensations are called | odors
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| no ability or limited to conjour up | odor imagery
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