nervous and endocrine systems
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| step by step process of nervous system | stimulus - Affector - Translate/ interpret - motor output (response) - effector (response)
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| Effectors | muscles and glands
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| structure of CNS | BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD
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| structure of PNS | spinal nerves: 31 pairs
Cranial nerves: 12 pairs
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| Afferent neurons | somatic fibers (superficial)
Visceral fibers (deep)
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| somatic nervous system | in PNS; motor division; voluntary (skeletal muscle)
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| Autonomic nervous system | in PNS; in motor division; involuntary (heart)
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| dendrite | fibers on a neuron that receive and then deliver messages to the cell and nucleus.
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| axon | sends messages from (away) cell to terminals
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| Astrocyte | (star shaped) Most abundant of glia cells; brace neurons; are chemical mops; and ingest excess ions and neurotransmitters; attatch blood cells to neurons
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| microglia | not a neuron; phagocytes: ingest harmful substances fro protection and dispose of debris
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| ependymal cells | line cavities; circulates cerebrospinal fluid. keeps cilia moving
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| oligodendrocyte | only in CNS; can wrap around several nerve fibers at once
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| meylin sheath | fatty lipid; wraps tightly around the axon of nerves. Protects neurons; speeds up messages and impulses, and AP
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| Schwann cells | attach to only one neuron at a time
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| resting potential | plarized; the conditions inside the neuron are different than out
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| depolarization | conditions start to become more similar (sodium comes in) everything is inside neuron, initiated by stimulus
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| propagation of AP | the upset of conditions inside the neuron because of the depolarization, an action potential starts
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| re polarization | protiens open so potassium can flood out in order to restore polarization (stops AP)
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| sodium/potassium pump | pumps potassium into cell and sodium out to restore original concentration
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| presynaptic neuron | the message sending neuron
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| postsynaptic neuron | the message receiving neuron
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| 4 major regions of the brain | Cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, cerebellum, stem
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| cerebrum | gray and white matter; interpretation for smelling, logic, speech, memory, voluntary movements
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| diencephalon | thalamus = relay- determines good or bad
Hypothalamus = hunger, thirst, sex drive, body temp, hearing
Epithalamus = sleep wake cycle
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| brain stem | attaches to spinal cord; midbrain= hearing and vision. pons = control breathing. medulla oblongata = hr, bp, vomitting
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| cerebellum | 2 hemispheres, coordination of body movements, balance, and equilibrium
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| protectors of the CNS | scalp, skin, skull, vertebrae column, meninges
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| cerebrospinal fluid | similar to blood plasma; watery cushion, protects and absorbs shock for the brain
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| blood brain barrier | least permeable capillaries; fats, resp. gases, alcohol, caffeine, drugs, ect can still get through here
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| medulla | senses bad substances before they hit the blood brain barrier and can induce vomitting if needed
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| spinal cord anatomy | 17 in long, 1 in wide; 31 pairs.
Foremen magnum = where cord meets brain
Cauda equina = where cord disperses into nerves
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| endocrine system | maintain homeostasis. its "organs" = glands
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| functions of the endocrine system | cellular metabolism, growth and development, immunity, nutient and h2O balance
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| hormone | released by endocrine glands; chemical messages that cause a specific resonse
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| receptors in cell membrane | amino acid based: must have acertain protien on membrane to attach to; not lipid soluble
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| receptors in nucleus | lipid based: lipid soluble so it can pass through right to the nucleus
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| hypothalamus | diencephalon. secretes, releases and inhibits hormones, produces ocytocin and adh
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| pituitary gland | stores oxytocin and ADH; 2 lobes, produces prolactin, releases growth homrmone, targets skeletal muscle and long bones
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| thyroid gland | releaes thyroid hormone; calcitonin = released when ca+2 level is to HIGH. targets osteoblasts
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| parathyroid gland | usually 4; parathyroid hormone = released when Ca+2 levels are to LOW. targets osteoclasts
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| thymus | thymosin: maturation of T lyphocytes (immune cells)
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| adrenal glands | aldosterone, corisol, epinephrine
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| aldosterone | raises na+ level in blood to increase preassure
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| cortisol | released when stressed; raises blood sugar and reduces inflammation
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| epinephrine | adrenaline; increases BP and heart rate and blood sugar; intensifies memory
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| pancreas | regulates glucose levels; glucagon = increases blood sugar - targets: glycogen
Insulin = released to lower blood sugar
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redhead19
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