2/8 quiz LAB
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| tissues | groups of of cells with similar appearance that perform the same functions
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| epithelial tissues | surface tissues cover and line body surfaces. protection & regulate materials. tight & avascular
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| connective tissues | underlying tissues covered by epithelium. Support, protection, assist system interactions
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| muscle | movement of body structures
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| nervous tissue | controls other body tissues using electrical impulses
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| organs | different tissues combined. distinct shape & function
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| organ systems | organs grouped to perform more complex tasks
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| epithelium is vascular or avascular? | avascular tissue
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| basement membrane | between epithelium and connective tissues
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| 3 types of epithelial layers | 1. simple
2. stratified
3. pseudostratified
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| simple | single layer, touch basement membrane, neatly arranged nuclei
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| stratified | multiple layers, only deepest touches basement membrane, range in thickness
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| pseudostratified | single layer, false appearance of multiple layers (different levels), all touch basement membrane but not all reach surface
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| squamous | flat, scale-like. top is irregularly shaped polygons & side is flat "fried egg"
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| cuboidal | top is irregularly shaped polygons & side is square. nucleus toward center.
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| columnar | top is irregularly shaped polygons & side is rectangular. Nucleus towards bottom.
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| transitional | irregularly round. uncommon.
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| 3 types simple epithelium | 1. squamous
2. cuboidal
3. columnar
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| 3 types simple culumnar epithelium | 1. ciliated
2. microvilli
3. neither
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| 2 types of stratified epithelium | 1. squamous
2. transitional
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| 1 type of pseudostratified epithelium | columnar pseudostratified epithelium
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| 4 shapes of epithelial cells | 1. squamous
2. cuboidal
3. columnar
4. transitional
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| simple squamous epithelium | single layer of flat, scale-like cells. very thin barrier allows filtration & diffusion.
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| simple squamous epithelium locations | found in alveoli(lung), glomerulus(kidney), inside blood vessels, capillaries, outsides of organs & body cavities
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| simple cuboidal epithelium | single layer cube/square. Stronger barrier than simple squamous. Impermeable or selective.
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| simple cuboidal epithelium locations | Gland ducts, thyroid gland, kidney tubes
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| Simple columnar epithelium | Single layer rectangular. Lines direct environmental exposure areas. Thickest & most difficult to cross
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| Cilia | Hair like
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| Microvilli | Tiny fan folds. Increase surface area
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| Goblet cells | Mucus producing glands. Lube & protect. Can be associated with cilia or microvilli
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| 3 special features of Simple columnar epithelium | Microvilli, cilia, goblet cells
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| Simple columnar epithelium locations | Digestive lining (with microvilli & goblet), smaller airways (with cilia), ducts of large glands
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| Pseudostratified columnar epithelium | Variety of cells, most have cilia & goblet. Thickness doesn't change.
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| Pseudostratified columnar epithelium locations | Lines large airways (trachea, bronchi), reproductive tubing
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| Stratified squamous epithelium | Multiple layers thickness varies. Strong, durable, direct exposure to environment.
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| Stratified squamous epithelium locations | Epidermis (skin surface), mucus membranes (moist body entrances)
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| transitional epithelium | several layers large round cells. can stretch*
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| transitional epithelium locations | bladder, bladder tubing
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| gland tissue type | made of epithelial tissue
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| endocrine gland | uses blood (not ducts) to deliver secretions, produces hormones
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| exocrine glands | ducts lead to epithelial surface to deliver secretion
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| 3 types exocrine glands | 1. merocrine
2. apocrine
3. holocrine
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| merocrine gland | sends only secretions through ducts, watery
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| apocrine glands | portion of cell + secretion through ducts, slightly thicker
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| holocrine glands | lose entire cell with secretion, very thick. chance of odor
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| 3 types of connective tissue | 1. soft
2. support
3. fluid
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| soft connective tissues | very pliable. also known as proper connective tissues
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| support connective tissues | rigid (stiff)
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| fluid connective tissues | liquid tissues, blood
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| connective tissues vascular or avascular | highly vascular
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| matrix | space between connective tissue cells. fibers & a ground substance.
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| fibroblasts | fibers produced by connective tissue cells
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| 3 types of connective tissue fibers | 1. collagen
2. elastic
3. reticular
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| collagen fibers | thick protein bands. strong, dont stretch. found in most connective tissues
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| elastic fibers | thinner protein strands that stretch
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| reticular fibers | medium thickness, branched protein strands rarely found in connective tissues
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| ground substance | surrounds cells & fibers of connective tissues
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| 3 types of ground substances | 1. hyaluronic acid
2. chondroitin sulfate
3. calcium salts
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| hyaluronic acid | ground substance found in soft connective tissues. watery makes tissues flexible.
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| chondroitin sulfate | gelatinous forms ground substance of cartilage.
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| calcium salts | ground substance is very rigid provides support & protection. forms bone crystalline matrix
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| 2 types support CT | 1. cartilage
2. bone
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| 2 types fluid CT | 1. blood
2. lymph
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| 4 types soft CT | 1. areolar
2. adipose
3. dense collagenous
4. reticular
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| areolar CT | common found beneath epithelium. many fiber & cell types
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| adipose CT | fat found beneath epithelium & protective cushions. chicken wire
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| dense collagenous CT | many collagen fibers in matrix. strong doesnt stretch
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| reticular CT | framework for organs including liver, spleen, kidneys, lymph nodes
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| cartilage | *AVascular* support CT.
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| lacunae | shell-like housing units
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| 3 types cartilage | 1. hyaline
2. fibrocartilage
3. elastic
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| hyaline cartilage | end of nose, part of ribs, joint surfaces, fetal skeleton
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| fibrocartilage | more collagenous fibers, forms intervertebral discs & joint pads
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| elastic cartilage | elastic fibers & collagen, most flexible. Forms outer ear
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| osseous CT (bone) | ground substance is calcium salts creating rigid calcified matrix. found in lacunae. "bulls-eye"
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| muscle | tissue with ability to contract in response to stimulus, stretchy, large closely-packed sheets, large, easy DNA access
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| skeletal muscle | associated with skeleton used to move body around. Striated (striped)
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| cardiac muscle | walls of heart. striated (striped), intercalated discs
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| intercalated discs | special cell junctions for rapid transmission of info between cells in heart.
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| smooth muscle | muscular walls of most body organs. No striations, has smooth appearance. small spindle shaped cells
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| visceral smooth muscle | muscular walls of many abdominal & pelvic organs. large interconnected sheets function as group
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| multiunit smooth muscle | muscular walls of blood vessels, internal eye structures, arrector pili. Large sheets function independently
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| nervous tissue | contains neurons
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| neurons | large star-shaped cells send/receive electrical impulses
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| neuroglia | support cells protect neurons
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| forms outer layer of skin | stratified squamous epithelium
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| forms rigid part of skeleton | osseous (bone)
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| contains cells that send/rec electrical messages | nervous tissue
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| lines major airways | pseaudostratified columnar epith
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| also known as fat | adipose
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| forms muscle attached to bones | skeletal muscle
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| may be called endothelium or mesothelium | simple squamous epith
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| forms tendons & ligaments | reg dense collagenous CT
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| fills space under epith | areolar CT
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| avascular tissue | cartilage
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| forms muscular walls of heart | cardiac muscle
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| forms thyroid ducts and many other glands | simple cuboidal epith
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| framework for organs like liver & spleen | reticular CT
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| forms lining of urinary bladder | transitional epith
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| example fluid CT | blood
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| forms flexible parts of skeleton | cartilage
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| forms muscular walls of many organs | smooth muscle
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| has calcified matrix | osseous (bone)
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| uses chondroitin sulfate in ground substance | cartilage
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| forms joint & organ capsules | irr. dense collagenous CT
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| forms lining of digestive system | simple columnar epith
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| forms intervertebral discs | fibrocartilage
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| epidermis | most superficial layer of skin, stratified squamous epith. thickness varies.
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| epidermal ridges | thicker & thinner areas increase gripping friction on hands and feet (fingerprints)
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| stratum basale | close to dermis & attaches to basement membrane. rapid mitosis. cuboidal
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| stratum spinosum | has desmosomes, spiney appearance, gives strength to epithelium
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| specialized cell junctions | desmosomes
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| stratum germinativum | stratum spinosum & stratum basale together
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| stratum granulosome | manufacture keratin, oval shaped cells begin to die (further from nutrient source)
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| keratin | protein makes cells water-repellent and resistant
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| stratum lucidum | palms, soles, mucous membranes
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| stratum corneum | most superficial. flat, highly karatinized, dead cells.
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| melanocytes | produce melanin, located at the bottom of epidermis on the dermis border.
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| papillary region | just deep to the stratum basale. composed of areolar CT fills areas where epidermis changes thickness
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| dermal papillae | fingerlike projections of papillary region fit into epidermal ridges. helps privide nutrients,holds skin layers together, and helps form fingerprints. have meissners corpuscles and pain receptors
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| meissners corpuscles | light touch nerve receptors
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| reticular region | irr dense collagenous tissue, determines thickness, makes skin strong and tear resistant. has hair follicles and glands
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| pacinian corpuscles | deep pressure nerve receptors near subcutaneous layer and also tactile receptors
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| tactile receptors | nerve endings assiciated with the skin
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| subcutaneous layer (hypodermis) | composed of adipose CT. Insulation & protective cushion
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| hair follicle | epidermal tissue that dips into dermal layers
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| hair bulb | deepest end of hair follicle produces hair, highly keratinized cells
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| root | portion of hair below skin surface
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| shaft | portion of hair above surface
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| arrector pili muscle | attaches to side of hair follicle, contracts when cold/scared
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| nails | special epidermal tissue at base of nail composed of highly keratinized, dead epidermal cells
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| sudoriferous glands | produce sweat
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| sebaceous glands | oily secretion
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| cerimunous glands | earwax
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| mammory glands | produce milk
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| epidermis layers from lowest to most superficial | Stratus -- basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum
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| contains dead keratinized cells | corneum
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| forms all cells of the epidermis | basale
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| cells begin to die due to lack of nutrients | granulosum
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| layer not found in hairy skin | lucidum
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| sheds cells into environment | corneum
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| cells attach to one another using desmosomes | spinosome
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| beginning to form keratin | granulosome
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| composed of dense collagenous CT | reticular region of dermis
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| forms surface of skin and mucous membranes | epidermis
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| contains meissners corpuscles | papillary
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| most glands are found in this layer | reticular region
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| composed mostly of adipose CT | subcutaneous layer
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| forms dermal papilla | papillary region
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| composed of stratified squamous epith | epidermis
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| contains pacinian corpuscles | reticular region
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| produces oily secretion | sebaceous
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| produces milk | mammary
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| produces sweat | sudoriferous
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| produces ear wax | ceruminous
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