Anatomy-Chapter 14
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| Lymph | The tissue fluid that enters lymph capillaries
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| Lymph capillaries are very _______ and collect _____ ______ and _____ | permeable, tissue fluid, proteins
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| Lacteals | specialize lymph capillaries in the villi of the small intestine
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| Lymph is kept within lymph vessels by | the same mechanisms that promote venous return
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| The lymph vessels from the lower body unite in front of the | lumbar vertebrae to form a vessel called the cisterna chyli
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| The cisterna chyli continues | upward in front of the backbone as the thoracic duct
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| Lymphatic tissue consists mainly of | lymphocytes in a mesh-like framework of connective tissue
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| Lymph nodes are found in | groups along the pathways of lymph vessels
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| As lymph passes through a lymph node, bacteria and other foreign materials are phagocytized by fixed (stationary) | macrophages
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| Plasma cells develop from | B lymphocytes exposed to pathogens in the lymph and produce antibodies
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| The cervical, axillary, and inguinal are located at | the junctions of the head and extremities with the trunk of the body
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| Lymph nodules are | small masses of lymphatic tissue found just beneath epithelium of all mucous membranes
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| Peyer's patches | the lymph nodules of the small intestine
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| The spleen is located | in the upper left quadrant of the abdominal cavity, just below the diaphragm, behind the stomach
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| The thymus is located | inferior to the thyroid glands
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| The stem cells of the thymus produce | T lymphocytes
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| T lymphocytes are also called | T cells
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| Self-recognition | is the ability to distinguish the cells that belong in the body from those that do not
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| Self-tolerance | is the ability not to react to proteins and other organic molecules or cells produce
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| Immunity | the ability to destroy pathogens or other foreign material and to prevent further cases of certain infectious diseases
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| Antigens | chemical markers that identify cells
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| The stratum corneum of the epidermis of the skin is ___-_____ and when unbroken is an excellent ______ to pathogens of all kinds | non-living, barrier
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| Natural killer cells | make direct contact with foreign cells and kill them
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| How do NK cells kill foreign cells? | by rupturing cell membranes (with chemicals called perforins) or by inflicting some other kind of chemical damage
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| Interferons | Proteins produced by cells infected with viruses and by T cells
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| Complement | a group of more than 20 plasma proteins that circulate in the blood until activated
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| Inflammation | a general response to damage of any kind: microbial, chemical or physical
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| In the embryo, T cells are produced in the | bone marrow and thymus
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| T cells must pass through the | thymus
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| Thymic hormones bring about the maturation of | T cells
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| In the embryo, B cells are produced in the | bone marrow
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| B cells migrate | directly to the spleen and lymph nodes and nodules
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| When activated during an immune response, B cells will | divide many times and become plasma cells that produce antibodies to a specific foreign antigen
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| The helper T cell becomes | sensitized to and specific for the foreign antigen, the one that does not belong in the body
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| Cell-mediated immunity | The recognition of an antigen as foreign initiates one or both of the mechanisms of adaptive immunity
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| Antibody-mediated immunity | involves T cells, B cells, and macrophages
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| The ______ __ ______ will remember the specific foreign antigen and become active if it enters the body again | memory T cells
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| Memory B cells | remember the specific antigen and initiate a rapid response upon a second exposure
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| plasma cells | that produce antibodies specific for this one foreign antigen
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| Antibodies | do not themselves destroy foreign antigens, but rather become attached to such antigens to "label" them for destruction
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| Opsonization | Means that the antigen is now "labeled" for phagocytosis by macrophages or neutrophils
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| Chemotaxis means | "chemical movement"
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| Agglutination | clumping
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| Genetic immunity | does not involved antibodies or the immune system; it is the result of our genetic makeup
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| Acquired immunity | involve antibodies
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| Passive immunity | antibodies are from another source
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| active immunity | the individual produces his or her own antibodies
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