terms for the history final
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| Hiati revolution | The first successful Latin American revolt, against France. Vincent Oge was torturd to death for demanding equal rights. This stirred unrest and slaves rebelled in 1971, led by Pierre Toussaint L'Ouverture. Rebels drove French from St. Domingue. (1804)
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| Simon Bolivar | The greatest of the revolutionary leaders, or Latin American George Washington, 1819, led thousands of soldiers to defeat Spanish army. Became president of Great Colombia.
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| Monroe Doctrine | Issued by Monroe, said that the Americans would no longer be open to colonization by any European power
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| Congress of Vienna | European leaders were determined to return to sability. Delegates met in Vienan to work on a peace settlment. The mood weas conservatism. They decided to bring back conservatism and put back ruling families.
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| Metternich | Austrian diplomat who hated liberal ideas. He despised nationalism. He wanted balance of power organized the German Confederation. The system was that conservative rules censored books and newspapers and put liberals in jail. Made Germany set up spys
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| Romanticism | an artistic and intellectual movement shaped by the enlightenment Romantics felt like great art acame from unleashing the human imagination rather than following strict formulas like in the Englightment
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| Unification in Italy | G. Mazzini had a secret society called Young Itay who wanted to set up a republic.1848 there were rebblionsin Italy in Venice and Milan and Sardinia's king declared war on Austria in 1849- Italian's proclaimed a republican but Austrians regained control49
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| Unification in Germany | Germans dreamed of unification. 1848 rioted, kind of Prussia gae subjects consitution. Created Frankfurt Assembly which drew up plans for unification. The Frankfurt Assembly was disbanded however.
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| Industrial Revolution | A great change in society due to technicial development. Began in Britain in mid-1700s, included new textile-making methods, the factory system,, and iron-making processes as well as the steam engine.
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| Bessember Processs | the process of making steel from iron because steel is more durable and therefore could be used in equipment
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| Charles Dickens | author, wrote aobut hard times in English cities. wrote great expectations and oliver twist.
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| Laissez-faire | "leave businesses alone" basically a free-enterprise systme where government could not interfer
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| Malthus on population | Malthus thought that population grows faster than the food supply so humanity isnt far from starvation and workers become more than the demand so there is unemployment. He wanted to lower birth rate.
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| Utopian communities | created by socialists, an ideal society. communtiies were owned by the people who lived and worked there. Chrales Furnier, Owen, but all evetually failed.
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| Karl Marx' theories | Socialist. Him and engels invented communism. "a form of complete socialism, in which all property and production were owned by the people" claimed his theories were scientific. believed in "haves" and "have nots" thought thered be a working class rev.
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| Labor Party- England | 1906- represented workers interests. elected to parliament. parliament hen passed a number of reform laws between 1906 and 1914. social servies, meals for needy, mediical clinics, etc.
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| Chartist Movement | demanded voting rights for all men, a secret ballot, an ednd to property rewuirements for serving in parliament and pay for member of the parliament and annual elections
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| Luddites | wavers and skilled handicraft workers who were being replaced by machines adn were uppset and they were a gang of masked workers who attacked textile factories and smashed machines.
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| Muckrakers | sensationalist scandal-mongering journalist, not driven by any social principles.
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| Cavour/Italy | prime minister of the kingdom of sardinia, worked to boost kingdoms economy and enlarge its army. began to build alliances with other countries, britain and france. signed a secrety treaty with napoleon if Austria threatened Sarbdinia France would help
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| Garibaldi | the commander of the red shirts, a group in southern italy who were determeined to free the kigdom of two sicilies from its bourbon king. in two months his troops freed sicility.he wantd to go rome but cavour wouldnt let him.
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| Bismarck | prime minister of prussia in 1862. against bureaucracy, liberal parliament and democracy and wanted to strength king. thought duty to the state was more important than indiv. freedom. realpolitik. wanted to build up the prussian military.blood and iron
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| Zollverein | an organization that reduced tariffs among its members,which were german states. economy approved greatly under this.
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| realpolitik | politics in whihc success matter s more than legality or idealism.
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| franco prussian war | prussia won denmark and austria, spanish throne was offered to a prince of Hohenzollern family of Prussia. france demanded that king william I of prussia should promsie that no royal family would ever accept the spanish throne. bismarck changed telegrams
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| Result of the franco-prussian war | french foces were no mtch for prussias poweruful army. south german states came to prussias aid. in 6 weeks the french armies were defeated.paris surrended. france paid germany 1 billion and germany got the alsace lorraine. france was humiliated.
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| german government post-unification | king william i became kaisr, bismarck became chancellor, 25 states under a strong central government. second reich. strict government. parliament, adult males could vote for reichstag, which was the lower house. bundesrate were theupper house by state
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| serbian nationlism | serbia was looking to expland by uniting with the south slavs in austria- hungary so they encouraged nationalist movements among thsese peoples.
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| russification/poland | adopted by nicholas in whic he forced the russian language and culkture upon a subject nation. used against the poles in hopes of destroying polish nationalist
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| serfs | slaves
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| medical advances in late 1800s | progress was made against disease.prevention of smallpoxwasfound and this led to the understadning of vaccinations.also pasteurization was founded because it got rid of bacteria in milk. cleanliness began to be a priority
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| social class changes in the late 1800s | a group of successful businessman challenged landowners as top power.middle classes grew.vast majoritystill belongedto the working class. workering class did earn some gains like better working conditions, factory inspectionlaws,benefits for sick, injured
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| mendeleev | a russian chemist who helped make chemsitry more systemic and mathemtical. wmade the periodic table.
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| marie curie | discovered polonium. found that certain minterals give off radiation, so theyr eradioative. theyre breaking down and giving off energy in the form of radiation,
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| einstein | invented the theory of relativity,e=mcquared
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| darwin | came up with naturalselection, theory of evalution, sailed around the world to prove it
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| pavlov | russian biologist, experimented with dogs wateirng mouth associated with food and bell. human actions are notalways determinated by conscious thought.
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| freud | austria doctor, came up with theories abot how the mind works.thought patients had blocked out unpleasent events and would be helped if hidden memories were revealed. studied dreams
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| impressionism | when paints tried t give their impression on a subject rather than a relatistic representation.used liught. in paris in the 1860s. leader was eduuard manet, claude monet, edgar degas, and pierre-auguste renoir. painted liveds of orindary people in urban
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| cubism | influenced by post-impressionism, pablo picasso, george braque,1907, looked at natural shapes and tried to pain them as geomeitrcal forms
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| post impressionism | cezanne, 1880s, showed obecjts as patterns fo forms and flat surfaces.experiemneted with vivid colors and distored images.van gohg.
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| realism | literature that incorporated real people in an industrialized world
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| social darwinism | the belief that those who are the fittest will be rich and poor will stay poor
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| dreyfus affair | when a jew army officer was persecuted wrongly and framed
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| zionism | the belief that there should be a homeland for jews
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| suez canal effects | revolutionized world shipping allowed ships t go directly from mediterranean into the red sea
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| panama canal effects | ships from the atlantic to pacific no longer had to go around south america
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| motives for imperialism | economic, nationalism, wanted new markets, raw materials and places to invest, religious bliefs missionaries wanted to spread christianity
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| manifest destiny | the idea that the united states was meant to rule north america
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| canada | colonized by france, wanted self rule rebellions b roke out wanted a central government and became ad ominion in 1867. strengthened canada
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| nationalism in india | indians were educated in britain and began to reject the caste system and the lack of government in the country. formed the indian national congress and the all-india muslim league
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| opium war | chinese government became anti-opium. british were hiding opiumin their storehouses so they were imprisoned. britain was isnulted, so the opium war started. britain won
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| unequal treaty system | european trade with asia after the treaty of nanjing. british got the right to trade in 5 treaty ports. britain got hong kong and cash for destroyed opium
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| boxer rebellion | the boxers hated christian missionaries and christian chinese. they attacked missions and killed chinese christians. one time tyhey had 4,000 forgeins and chinese christians and a bunch of countries had to stpe in to rescue them
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| charter oath | called for an assembly that would decide important matters by public debate. feudalism ended and new jobs opened up for commoners (japan)
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| russo-japnese war | japan attacked russian feleet at fort aruth. 1 year later, japan won and got manchuria, japan got lioadong peninsula and the southern half of sakhalin island
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| alliance system | created a chain reaction
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| 14 points | rested on five ideas: self-determination, a fair peace, disarmament, fair treatment of colonial peoples, league of nations
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| versailles treaty | with germany, granted france many of its demands. alsace-lorraine and coal mines, had to remain free of military personnel and fortifications. army could only reach 100,000 men. lost overseas territories in africa, asia and pacific. owed 33 billion
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| white mans burden | an appeal to the United States to assume the task of developing the Philippines
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| containment | the drive to keep communism from spreading to other nations
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| marshall plan | marshall proposal was put into effect as the european recovery programs
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| cuban missile crisis | threat of war in 1962 when soviet union had secretly shipped nuclear armed missles to cuba
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| gorbachev/perestroika/glasnost | "restructing" arimed at trnasforming soviety life by means of democratic government
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| solidary/lech walesa | formed by polish workers, the first labo r union in the soviet. lech walesa became head of the new union
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| great leap foward | the second 5 year plan created by mao which increased industrial and agricultural production rapidy. production oals could not be met. fell short of its goals for agriculture.
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| cultural revolution | mao launched this to get rid of old thoughts, old culture, old customs and old habits. got rid of class privilege or western ideas. everything was politically correct. communism.
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