intro
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| 1) Define microbiology | a) The study of microorganisms
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| a) Nutritive | growth of wide range of microorg. (most non fastidous) without giving any particular org a growth advantage
*Sheep Blood
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| b) Differential | contains some factors that allow colonies of one bacteria to show some metabolic/culture characteristics that can be used to distinguish them from other bacteria on the same plate
*blood,emb, mac
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| selective | growth of one group of microorg, but not another
cna,mac,
*Mac, cna
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| Supplemental/enrichment | lim, chocolatte
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| When can a specimen be rejected | label and requisition dont match, improper transport medium, qns, leaking, transport time longer than 2hrs, dry.
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| Define genus | genus: diff species that have similar morphology, physiology and genetic traits but maintain individual status
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| strain | subset of bacterial special that differ by minor differences
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| species | collection of bacterial strains that share many common physiologic and genetic features
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| explain nomenclature | binomial system
genus(capitalized)
species (lowercase)
*Staph. aureus
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| Sterilization: physical method chemical method | all microbial life are killed
physical:incineration, moist/dry heat, filtration, ionizing radiation.
chemical: ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, peracetic acid.
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| Disenfection: physical method chemical method | most orgs, not all are destroyed
boiling, pasteurizing, uv light
alcohols, aldehydes, halogens, heavy metals, amonium, phenolics
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| Material safety data sheets | info about the chemical
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| TYPES OF FIRE EXTiNGUISHERS A | A-green triangle(trash, wood, paper)
-employs water/all purpose dry chemical
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| B fire extenguisher | red square (chemical fire)
employs foam, dry chemical or co2
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| C fire extenguisher | blue circle (electrical fire)
employs nonconducting extinguishing agents co2 or dry chemical.
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| RACE acronym | Rescue injured
Alarm
Contain fire
Extinguish fire
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| discuss electrical safety | check cords for fraying, all cords must be 3 pronged grounded, no extension cords
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| Biocide: | (chemical sterilant)-chemical agent that destroys all life
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| antiseptic: | inhibiting the growth of microorganisms w/o killing them
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| List components of the exposure control plan | Provisions
disposal
engineering controls
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| 3 mechanisms of genetic change | mutation, recombination, gene exchange
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| Mutation: | change in original sequence of a gene
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| Recombination | donor DNA--> recipient DNA
exchange of dna occurs
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| gene exchange | transformation, transduction, conjugation.
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| Binary fission | bacterial replication by cell division
results in 2 daughter cells (asexual process)
Identical DNA
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| Gram + cell wall composition | thick peptido glycan layer, lipoteichoic acid and teichoic acid... some have mycolic acid to fortify the murein layer
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| Gram - cell wall composition | thin peptidoglycal layer, outer layer has lipids, proteins and polysachharides
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| acid-fast | thick peptidoglycan and mycolic acid
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| Outer Membrane | protects cell from external environment
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| cell wall | gives shape and strength to withstand changes in osmotic pressure. prevents cell lysis,protects from mechanical disruption
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| periplasm | only in gram -, helps in detoxification, absorption of nutrients, enzymatic degradation of macromolecules
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| cytoplasmic membrane | regulate transport across the membrane and osmotic barrier, location of electron transport
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| capsule | protect cell from desiccation and toxic materials promotes conc. of nutrients at cell surface. antigenic, illicit immune response
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| pilli | used for attachment, bacterial conjugation, transfer of genetic material in gram - cells.
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| flagella | movement
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| endospores | protect from environment, guarantees survival
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| endotoxins | gram - bacteria produce this
composed of lps
heat stable
low toxicity
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| exotoxins | gram +
composed of protein
heat labile
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| signs of disease | aches, headache, swollen lymph nodes, rashes, redness, cough/sneeze, congestion, nausea/vomitting, diarrhea
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| prevention of disease | immunization and epidemiology
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| reservoirs | human, animal, food, environmental
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| vectors | mode of transmission (direct/indirect)
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| transient flora | don't multiply, shed with host cells
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| resident flora | multiply permanent on the host
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| pathogen | microorg. that cause infection or disease
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| opportunistic pathogen | organism that only cause infection when one or more of the host's defense mechanisms are disrupted
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| virulence | degree of pathology caused by the organism. correlated with ability to multiply in the host
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| heat fix/methanol fix | preserve and fix in position the internal/external structure of organism
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| crystal violet | primary stain binds to bacterial cell walls with - charge
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| grams iodine | increases the interaction between cells and dye so that its more strongly stained
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| decolorizer | acetone/alcohol. damages bacterial with thin cell wall
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| safranin | counter stain. stains all unstained elements
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| cultivation | growing of living materials
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| in vivo | living body of plant/animal
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| in vitro | outside living body/in artificial environment
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| fastidious | have complex nutritional requirements
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| non fastidious | have simple nutritional needs
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| environmental requirements for the cultivation of bacteria | o2 and co2 availability
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| microaerophillic | need low levels of o2
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| capnophillic | grow well with higher co2
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| faculative anaerobic | grow with or without o2
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| how to evaluate bacterial colony morphologies | types of media supporting growth, quantities of each colony type, size, color, shape, surface, odor, gram stain
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| genotypic criteria | identification based on some portion of the genome using molecular techniques for DNA or RNA analysis
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| phenotypic criteria | identification based on observable physical or metabolic characteristics of bacteria. Analysis of gene products, not the genes themselves.
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| phenotypic criteria used for bacterial identification | macroscopic colony morphology (size, shape, color etc)
microscopic morphology (gram stain, wet prep)
environmental requirements for growth, atmospheric requirements, nutritional requirements, resistance to microbial agents.
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| quality control | control of labs analytical error by monitoring analytical performance with known controls and maintaining errors within established limits around the mean control values
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| quality assurance | institutional program designed to assess the success of the total organization achieving its goals
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| total quality management | improve patient care by monitoring laboratory work to detect and correct deficiencies
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| continuous quality improvement/performance improvement | improve patient care by not making a mistakes
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| 2) Describe the basic elements of a quality control program | a) Specimen collection and transport
b) Sop’s
c) Personnel
d) Referenc labs
e) Patient reports
f) Proficiency testing
g) Performance checks
h) Maintain qc records
i) Maintain qc stocks
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| electron microscopy | condenser doesn't allow light to hit specimen. Spirochete detection
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| Fluorescent Microscopy | absorb and emit different wavelength of light.
color against dark background
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| phase contrast microscopy | light beams pass through specimen and are partially deflected due to density differences. No stains needed
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| brightfield | light passes directly through specimen and then through lenses that reflect light
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| specimen collection | no transient flora, collected during acute phase of illness, and not prior to ab therapy.
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| specimen transport | within 30min of collection, in biohazard bag, at right temp.
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| direct microscopic evaluation | gram stain, quality of sputum specimens, presences of WBCS
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