SOL Review
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| Density | equals mass/volume
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| Volume for regular objects | is found by water displacement.
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| Warm (air, water, magma) | rises because it is less dense.
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| Cold (air, water, magma) | sinks
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| As pressure increases | so does density
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| Water is most dense | as a liquid
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| The same substance has the | same density
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| As mass increase | so does volume
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| Hypothesis | a prediction about a problem that can be tested.
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| Variable | a changeable factor in an experiement.
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| Constants are | factors that are the same
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| Any valid scientific theory | has passed tests designed to invalidate it.
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| The altitude of Polaris equals | your Latitude
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| Latitude | Lines go East-West, but measure North and South of the Equator.
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| Longitude | Lines go North-South but measure East and West of the Prime Meridian.
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| The closer the Countour Lines | the steeper the slope.
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| Contour lines from | Vs and point upstream of rivers and creeks.
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| The Earth consists of a | solid inner core (Fe & Ni)
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| The Earth consists of a | liquid inner core (Fe & Ni)
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| The Earth consists of a | plastic-like mantle (Si, O, Fe, Ni)
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| The Earth consists of a | a thin rock crust (Si & O)
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| The lithosphere | is the crust and upper mantle
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| Ocean Crust is | thinner, younger, and denser than continental crust.
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| Oceanic crust is made of | basaltic rock
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| Convection currents | move tectonic plates
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| Hot material | rises, cools, becomes more dense and sinks.
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| Convergent Boundaries | are colliding plates which cause folded or thrust faulted mountains, subduction zones (volcanoes and trenches) and reverse faults.
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| Divergent boundaries are | dividing plates and cause Sea-Floor Spreading, Mid-Ocean Ridges, Rift Valleys, and Volcanoes. Normal faults are produced from this movement.
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| Transform boundaries | slide past each other and strike slip faults and Earthquakes are produced.
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| Earthquakes | can result with any plate movement.
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| Hot Spots | are not related to plate movement.
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| A fault | is a break or crack in the Earth;s Crust where movement has occurred.
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| Appalachian Mountains | are folded mountains.
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| Volcanic activity | is associated with subduction, rifting, or sea floor spreading.
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| An Ocean Plate | will always sink under a continental plate because it is more dense.
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| Three seismic stations | are needed to find the epicenter of an Earthquake.
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| P waves travel | the fastest and reach the Seismic station first.
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| P waves travel | through solides and liquids.
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| P waves slow down | when and bend when they hit the liquid outer core.
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| S waves | do not travel through liquids.
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| Weathering | the process the rocks are broken down by water, air, and organisms.
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| Chemical Weathering | occurs in warm, humid climates.
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| Mechanical Weathering | occurs in cold climates - Ice Wedging.
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| Erosion | the process by which Earth materials are transported by moving water, ice or wind. Gravity causes all these to happen.
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| Streams and moving water | are the major agents of Erosion.
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| Deposition | is the dropping or settling of sediment.
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| High Erosion | equals high relief areas
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| High deposition | equals low relief areas
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| Large particles | settle out first.
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| Sediment size from largest to smallest | Breccia, Sand, silt, clay
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| As particle size increases | permeability (the ability to transport water) increases.
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| Soil Evolution starts | with the weathering of bedrock.
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| Organic material must | be present in order to have soil.
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| Soil profile consists of | three horizons - Top soil, (most evolved), less humus, leaching from top soil, and weathered rock
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| Karst Topography has | caves and sinkholes produced by acidic groundwater dissolving limestone.
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| Valley and Ridge Province is | famour for Karst topography
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| Ground water layers | from the surface down would include zone of aeration, water table, and zone of saturation.
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| Aquaifer | is a layer of rock that transports groundwater freely.
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| A sping | is an area where the water table reaches the land's surface.
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| Hydrologic cycle includes | the process of evaporation, condensation, and precipitatin, and runoff.
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| The Coastal Plain | is the flattest area underlain by all types of sediments produced by the erosion of the Appalachian mountains.
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| Fossils are | abundant in the Appalachian Mountains.
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| Piedmont is | underlain by igneous and metamorphic rocks produced by ancient volcanoes.
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| Piedmont is seperated by | a fall line from the Coastal Plain.
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| Blue-Ridge | Oldest in State
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| Valley and Ridge is | the long parallel ridges composed of folded and faulted rocks that occurred during the collision of Africa and North America durint the Paleozoic.
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| Appalachian is | underlain by sedimentary rocks.
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| Coal resources are | found in the Appalachian Mountains.
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| A mineral | is found in nature, inorganic, solid, with a definite chemical composition and structure.
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| Mineral properties depend on | their atomic structure.
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| Ores are | useful and profitable.
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| Igneous rocks are | classified by composition and texture.
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| Igneous Rocks are produced by | the cooling of magma or lava.
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| Fast cooling | Extrusive - TExture includes small mineral grains, glassy, air holes present. (Pumice, Basalt, Obsidian)
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| Slow cooling | Equals Intrusive - Texture includes coarse or large mineral grains. (Granite)
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| Metamorphic formed by | heat and pressure.
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| Metamorphic include | foliated (banded) and non foliated.
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| Foliated rocks are | slate, schist, gneiss.
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| Non foliated include | marble and quartzite.
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| Limestone morphs | into marble.
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| Sandstone morphs | into quartzite.
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| Sedimentary rocks form | from rock fragments, organic material, or chemical precipitation.
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| Sedimentary are | found in flat layers or strata. Fossils are found in these layers.
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| Sedimentary subclasses | include clastic, organic, and chemical.
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| Limestore | is formed both chemically and organically.
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| Clastic rocks are | made of fragments - Conglomerate, sandstone, and shale.
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| Virginia resources include | limestone, coal, and gravel.
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| Renewable resources can | be replaced by nature at a rate close to the rate at which they are used. Inclues vegetation, water, and soil.
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| Nonrenewable are | renewed very slowly or not at all. Includes coal, oil, and minerals.
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| The Earth's Water Supply is | renewable but also finite.
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| Fossil | is the remains, impressions, or other evidence of a former existenece of life preserved in rock.
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| Virginia's fossils are | mostly marine and are from all Era's in history.
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| Law of Superposition states that | the oldest rocks are found on the bottom of strata and the youngest on top of strata.
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| Law of Cross-cutting relationships states that | an igneous intrusion is younger than the layers it cuts across.
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| Fossils, Superposition, and Cross-cutting are used to | determine relative ages.
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| Relative ages are | placing events in sequence without assigning exact numerical ages.
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| Absolute time places | a numberical age to an event.
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| Radioactive decay or half-life is used to | determine the absolute age of rocks.
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| Uranium dating is used to | find the ages of the oldest rocks.
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| Carbon-14 is used to find | the ages of human artifacts.
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| The Earth is about | 4.6 billion years old.
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| High Tides | 2 per day
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| Low Tides | 2 per day
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| Tides are | caused by the gravitational pull of the Earth and the Moon.
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| Currents move from | cold to warm areas.
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| Upwelling brings | cold, nutrient rich water from the bottom of ocean to the surface. This is rich in biological activity.
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| Estuaries are | areas where salt water mixes with fresh water. Ex.: Chesapeak Bay
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| Sea Level | rises when ice caps melt.
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| Cyanobacteria was | responsible for the first oxygen on Earth.
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| Presently Blue Green Algae is | an important source of Oxygen.
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| The ocean is the largest | reservoir of heat at the Earth's surface.
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| The ocean drives | the weather of the Earth.
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| The Earth's atmosphere was | mostly CO2 and very little O2.
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| The Earth's atmosphere is | 21% Oxygen, 78% Nitrogen, and 1% trace gases.
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| Human activities such as burning fossil fuels has | increased CO2 levels.
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| High CO2 levels | produce the Greenhouse effect.
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| CFC's are decreasing | the ozone levels of the upper atmosphere.
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| Areas near the Equator | receive the most direct radiation.
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| Clouds form when | air is at or below its dew point and condensation nuclei are present.
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| Coriolis Effect causes | deflections of the atmosphere and oceans due to rotation of Earth.
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| A psychrometer measures | humidity in the air.
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| A barometer measures | air pressure.
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| Highs are | cool and dry.
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| Lows are | warm and wet.
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| Wind is due to | unequal cooling that causes air pressure differences.
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| Wind blows from | high to low.
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| Cold fronts move | quickly and produce rain at the Front.
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| Warm fronts move | slow and produce miles and miles of clouds.
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| The highest pressure is | found at Sea Level.
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| Low pressure moves | clock-wise and outward.
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| U.S. weather is dominated by | prevailing westerlies.
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| Weather moves | west to east.
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| Summer Solstice is | June 21 (longest day)
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| Winter Soistice is | December 21 (shortest day)
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| Solstice is when | the sun is at its most Northern or Southern Point.
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| Equinoxes is | when the sun is directly over the equator.
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| Spring Equinoxes | March 21st
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| Fall Equinoxes | September 22nd
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| The Earth is closer | to the sun in the winter.
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| The Earth rotates | West to East once in 24 hours.
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| The Earth revolves counter clock-wise | around the sun once in 365.25
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| The Earth is | the third planet from the sun.
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| The moon has phases | because of relected sunlight and the angle at which we view it.
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| Foucault's pendulum and coriolis effect prove | the Earth rotates.
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| Parallax and Seasonal constellations | prove the Earth's revolution.
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| Two types of planets | Inner (rockey) and Outer (gaseous)
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| Comets are known as | dirty snowballs in space and originate in the Oort cloud.
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| Comet's coma is the result of | the sun's radiation.
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| Asteroids are | rocky or metallic iron objects with origins between Mars and Jupiter.
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| AU = | distance of Earth and Sun. We measure planet distances in AU's
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| Light Years is | the distance light travels in a year. We measure star and galaxy distances with Light years.
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| Appollo 11 | was the 1st manned landing on the moon.
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| Neil Armstrong | was the 1st man on the moon.
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| The Big-Bang | explains the origin of the Universe.The Universe began as a dense sphere that expanded and condensed into galaxies.
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| The Solar Nebula Theory | explains that the planets formed from the condensing of our sun or solar nebulae.
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| Our Sun's Life cycle is | Nebula, protostar, Yellow Main Sequence Star, Red Giant, White dwarf and black dwarf.
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| Black holes | are a death stage of stars.
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| We are located in | the Milky Way Galaxy which is a spiral galaxy.
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| The three types of Galaxies | are spiral, elliptical, and irregular.
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| The Hubble Space telescope | has improved our knowledge and understanding of the Universe.
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| Red Shifts indicate | the Universe is expanding outward. This is used to support the Big Bang Theory.
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| Coal Evolution | from softest to hardest - Peat, Lignite, Bituminous, Anthracite.
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| Unconformities are | missing rock layers usually a result of erosion.
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