Introduction to Sociology Chp 2: Culture, De More
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| culture | the ways of thinking, acting and the material objects that together, form a people's way of life
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| society | people who interact in a defined territory and share a culture
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| culture shock | personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life
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| symbol | anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture
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| language | a system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another
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| cultural transmission | the process by which one generation passes culture to the next
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| Sapir-Whorf thesis | the idea that people see and understand the world through the cultural lens of language
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| values | culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good, and beautiful and that serve as broad guidelines for social living (equal opportunity, individualism etc)
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| beliefs | specific ideas that people hold to be true
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| norms | rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members
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| mores | norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance (incest)
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| folkways | norms for routine or casual interaction
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| technology | knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings
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| hunting and gathering | the use of simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation for food
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| horticulture | the use of hand tools to raise crops
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| pastoralism | domestication of animals
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| agricultural | large-scale cultivation using plows harnessed to animals or more powerful energy sources
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| industry | the production of good using advanced sources of energy to drive large machinery
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| postindustrialism | the production of information using computer technology
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| high culture | cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite
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| popular culture | cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population
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| subculture | cultural patterns that set apart a segment of of society's population
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| multiculturalism | a perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United sates and promoting equal standing for all cultural traditions
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| Eurocentrism | the dominance of European (especially English) cultural patterns
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| Afrocentrism | emphasizing and promoting African cultural patterns
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| counterculture | cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society
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| cultural integration | the close relationships among various elements of a cultural system
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| cultural lag | the fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others, disrupting a cultural system
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| ethnocentrism | the practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture
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| cultural relativism | the practice of judging a culture by its own standards
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| cultural universals | traits that are part of every known culture (ex: incest taboo)
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| sociobiology | a theoretical approach that explores ways in which human biology affects how we create culture
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