ND Beth 8th Grade Science Midterm Flashcards
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| Mercury | (1)(messenger of the gods) closest to the Sun - surface is covered w/ craters - 1 year=1.5 Earth days - 1/3 size of Earth - no atmosphere - no moons - wimpy magnetic field - temp. extremes
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| Venus | (2)(goddess of love and beauty) 2nd from the Sun - "greenhouse effect"= very thick cloud cover trapping heat - hottest planet - orbits closest to Earth - CO2 based atmosphere - sulfuric acid rain - rotates backwards - no moons
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| Mars | (4)(god of war) Red Planet - surface is desert-like - similar axis tilt to Earth - just over 24 hour rotation - polar caps - has seasons - about 1/2 size of Earth - thin atmosphere - 2 moons= Phobos & Demios - has canyons on surface - Olympus Mons
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| Jupiter | (5)(god of the gods) largest planet - "failed star" - gives off more energy than it gets from the Sun - "fake" magnetic field= pressurized H - 1 year=12 Earth years - 16 moons - Great Red Spot= ion storm
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| Saturn | (6)(god of time) 2nd largest planet - dramatic ring system= ice and dust - rings are wide but thin (CD) - 31 moons - Titan= planet's largest moon (larger than Pluto and Mercury) - 1 year= 29 Earth years - ocean= liquid methane and ammonia
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| Uranus | (7)(god of the sky) Twin Planet - about 4x diameter of Earth - mostly H and He - teal color (aquamarine) - 1 day= 16 hours - ring system - strange axis tilt - 21 moons
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| Neptune | (8)(god of the sea) Twin Planet - about 4x diameter of Earth - mostly H and He - bright blue color - 1 day= 18 hours - ring system - Scooter= the dark spot on surface(?) - 8 moons
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| Pluto | (9)(god of the underworld) misfit - demoted to dwarf planet *for now :(* - 3000 km in diameter - believed to be frozen Ne, Ar, Kr - 1 moon=Charon - 1 year = 248 Earth years - extreme elliptical orbit - crosses orbit w/ Neptune - stolen from Kuiper Belt?
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| core | (1) the center of the Sun - site of nuclear fusion
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| radiation zone | (2) thickest layer of the Sun - thightly packed w/ He atoms - heat & light emerge
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| convection zone | (3) energy moves particle to particle toward surface in a convection current
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| photosphere | (4) visible surface of the Sun
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| chromosphere | (5) the "colored sphere" - 1st layer of atmosphere - not visible
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| corona | (6) outermost layer of the Sun's atmosphere - looks like a halo - only seen during eclipse
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| proton | part of an atom with a positive (+) charge
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| electron | part of an atom with a negative (-) charge
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| neutron | part of an atom with a neutral (0) charge
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| igneous rock | a type of rock with crystals (formed by fire)
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| sedimentary rock | a type of rock that has layers
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| metamorphic rock | a type of rock that is changed by heat and pressure
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| Greeks | first people to study solar system - thought Earth was in center, flat, motionless
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| Aristotle | proved Earth was round
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| Ptolemy | made geocentric model= Earth is in center and round - planets in perfectly round orbits
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| Copernicus | made heliocentric model= Sun is in center, Earth is just a planet
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| Galileo | discovered Jupiter's 4 largest moons: Io, Europa, Callisto, Gandymede (largest moon in solar system)
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| Kepler | using Tycho Brahe's data, he proves planets travel in elliptical orbits
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| Brahe | discovered epicycle=an object moving in a circle while being carried in a larger circle
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| Dalton | believed atoms are solid spheres (pool ball)
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| Thompson | believed atoms are solid spheres w/ negative particles inside it (chocolate chips) - discovered electrons
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| Rutherford | discovered the center of the atom contains that most mass= nuclei (peach)
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| Bohr | discovered atoms have positively charged center w/ negative electrons moving in circular orbits (onion)
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| Rutherford-Bohr Model | (Electron Cloud Model) positive nuclei w/ negative electrons buzzing randomly around nuclei
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| Mendeleev | created Periodic table by charting elements known in his time (1800s)
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| Mosley | put table into its modern form
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| absolute magnitude | true brightness of a star, luminosity if all stars were equal distance from Earth
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| alloy | mixture of 2 or more elements with at least 1 metal
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| apparent magnitude | the brightness of a star as it is viewed from earth
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| asteroid belt | band of asteroids in orbit between Mars & Jupiter - over 2500 known
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| atomic number | the number of protons
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| aurora | occurs when solar wind enters Earth's atmosphere and changes into colored lights
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| black hole | an object with gravity so strong not even light can escape - results from imploded neutron star
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| coma | in a comet, outer part of nuclei that slushes w/ heat
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| comet | dirty snowballs
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| compound | two or more elements chemically combined - loses all element properties - definite formula
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| constellation | a group of stars that seem to make a shape or pattern in the sky
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| dark matter | matter that gives off no electromagnetic radiation - makes up 23% of all matter - can be studied by how it reacts to other matter
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| element | a substance that cannot be broken down w/o losing its properties - only 1 kind of atom
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| ellipse | "squished egg"
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| family | a vertical column on the Periodic Table
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| fracture | a mineral that breaks along an irregular surface - different each time
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| galaxy | a group of stars, gas, and dust held together by gravity
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| H-R Diagram | Hertzsprung Russel - uses color & temp. from a star to gain info on stars - color= result of temp. - temp.= how much energy is given off
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| inorganic | not made from dead things
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| ion | a charged particle
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| luster | how the surface of the mineral reflects light (metallic/non-metallic)
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| Milky Way | our galaxy (Spiral)
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| Moh's Scale | measure of rock hardness (1=softest, 10=hardest)
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| nebula | cloud of dust & gas in space created by a supernova - building blocks of celestial objects
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| nuclear fusion | small mass nuclei unite into larger nuclei
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| Oort Cloud | comet nursery - collection of comet nuclei just past Pluto
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| ore | any mineral mined for profit
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| organic | made from dead things (ooze) - Carbon
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| Periodic Table | a chart of known chemical elements, organized by their properties
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| quasar | "Quasi Stellar Radio Source" - small in size, but massive brightness - discovered in 1960s, most distant and fastest moving objects we know
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| revolution | a planet following an orbit around a star (seasons)
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| rotation | a planet turning on its axis (night/day)
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| smelting | heating the ore to separate ore from junk rock
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| solar system | planets revolving in orbit around a star
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| solar wind | a steady stream of electrically charged particles coming off the Sun
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| streak | true color - the color of the powder created when the mineral is scratched along porcelain
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| sunspot | areas on the Sun that are cooler than surrounding surface - black spots - always in pairs - usually near a solar flare - run on an 11 year cycle
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| supernova | can only happen to large mass stars - unstable fusion causes explosion - creates new nebula - heavy elements are created during explosion
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| valence electrons | the electrons that form the bond - last energy level
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