beginning of pathology terms
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| what is the internal stability of the body? | Homeostasis:
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| what is the abnormal condition causing measurable changes in structure and function? | Pathology:
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| what is the development of disease in stages? | Pathogenesis:
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| When all systems and organs function, the body does what? | maintains an internal stability of homeostasis.
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| What causes a pathologic state? | when body systems or organs can no longer maintain normal processes
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| what is the Internal equilibrium? | Systemic health:
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| what is the inability to adapt to internal/external stressors or challenges? | Disease state:
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| What is a defined collection of signs and symptoms that characterize a condition | Syndrome:
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| When the internal equilibrium is disrupted and the body is no longer able to adapt to internal and external challenges, what happens? | a disease state develops
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| How long does it take for a disease state to develop? | it can be quite variable - from hours to days, weeks, or even months.)
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| what are abnormal objective findings? Examples: redness, swelling, purulent discharge, fever | Signs
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| what are subjective patient reports Examples: difficulty swallowing, pain, fatigue, headache | Symptoms
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| The collection of objective findings (signs) is compared with the subjective patient reports (symptoms) to give what? | an overall clinical impression or presentation
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| what is it when the onset is usually abrupt ? -symptoms present themselves over hours to days duration brief (<6 months) | Acute Illness
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| what is it when the onset is slower? -symptoms persist from acute/subacute phases duration indefinite (> 6 months) | Chronic Illness
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| what can be quite time-limited? -examples: a common cold or a bout of influenza, and more severe, like a heart attack or appendicitis. Illnesses such as hernias may present more slowly over a period of days or months | Acute illnesses:
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| what can start out as an acute illness that does not resolve? -example:sinusitus. | Chronic illness:
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| Some illnesses can be, what? | chronic conditions with recurrent, acute exacerbations, such as asthma or sickle cell anemia.
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| what are changes in the genetic code? | Genetic mutations:
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| what are passed from one generation to the next may occur spontaneously? | genetic mutations
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| what may be caused by agents that disrupt the normal DNA sequence? | genetic mutations
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| What are mutagens? | Agents that can damage DNA, including certain chemicals, radiation, and viruses.
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| When a genetic disease occurs spontaneously, what happens? | there will not be a family history of the disease that can be traced
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| what is the single abnormal gene on only one of a chromosomes of a pair. | autosomal dominant
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| what is the same abnormal gene present on both chromosomes of a pair? | autosomal recessive
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| what is an abnormal gene that is only located on a X chromosome? | x-linked (sex-linked) recessive
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| hunington's disease & marfan's syndrome are examples of what disease? | autosomal dominant disease
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| cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia are examples of what disease? | autosomal recessive disease
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| hemophilia and some forms of muscular dystrophy are examples of what disease? | x-linked recessive disease
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| (infection) Pathogenic agents include? | bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa
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| What types of treatments are used for infections caused by common pathogens? | Treatment of infection must be specific to the type of pathogen identified or suspected.
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| what are some examples of treatment of infection? | Antibiotics and antivirals
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| what are used for bacterial infections and must be specific to the subtype of bacteria? | Antibiotics
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| what are used for viruses? | antivirals
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| (infection) what are the body’s defense systems against infection? | natural mechanical and chemical barriers, inflammatory response, immune response.
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| What is an example of a mechanical barrier? | The skin is the ultimate mechanical barrier that keeps us safe from a multitude of pathogens.
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| What is an example of a chemical barrier? | Chemical barriers include such things as the body pH, which creates a hostile environment and prevents certain organisms from successfully taking over.
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| (inflammation&repair) How is an acute inflammatory response marked by? | Redness, Heat, Swelling, Pain, Loss of function
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| Why does acute inflammation occur? | It is a normal protective physiologic response to tissue injury and disease.
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| What is an acute inflammation? | an exudative response, attempts to wall off, destroy, and digest bacteria and dead or foreign tissue.
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| Acute inflammatory response can be inhibited by? | Immune disorders, Chronic illness, Medications (especially steroids)
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| A chronic inflammatory response may what? | damage the affected tissue and inhibit the healing process.
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| examples of chronic inflammatory are? | rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis
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