Urinary System
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| Function of Urinary System | to maintain the volume and composition of body fluids
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| What does the urinary system consist of? | kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder & urethra
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| What are the primary organs of urinary system? | kidneys
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| What is Renal Fascia? | connective tissue that holds each kidney in place
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| What is perirenal fat? | thick layer of adipose tissue that surrounds each tissue.
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| What is function of perirenal fat? | helps to protect the kidney
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| What is Renal Capsule? | tough, fibrous connective tissue that encases each kidney
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| What is the hilum? | indentation of kidney
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| What does the Hilum lead to? | large cavity within the kidney called the Renal Sinus
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| What leaves the kidney at the Hilum? | Renal Vein
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| What enters the kidney at the Hilum? | Renal Artery
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| What is the Renal Cortex? | The outer, reddish region
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| What is the Renal Medulla? | a darker reddish brown region that the renal cortex surrounds
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| What does the Renal Medulla consist of? | a Series of Renal Pyramids
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| What are the pointed ends of the pyramids called? | Renal Papillae
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| What are Renal Columns? | spaces between adjacent pyramids that portions of the renal cortex extend into
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| What is the central region of the kidney? | Renal Pelvis
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| What are Calyces | cuplike projections that interupts the periphery of the renal pelvis
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| What surrounds the renal papillae of each pyramid and collects urine from that pyramid | Minor Calyx
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| What is a Major Calyx? | Several minor calyces converge together to form this
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| Where are the Nephrons located? | in the cortex and medulla
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| List the two parts that Nephrons consist of | Renal Corpuscle and Renal Tubule
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| What does the renal corpuscle consist of? | cluster of capillaries called Glomerulus
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| What surrounds the Glomerulus? | a double layered epithelial cup called the Glomerular Capsule (Bowman's Capsule)
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| What is Afferent Arteriole? | where blood GOES INTO the glomerulus
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| What is Efferent Arteriole? | where blood EXITS the glomerulus
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| What is the function of Renal Tubule? | carries fluid away from the glomerular capsule
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| List the 3 Regions of the Renal Tubule | 1. Proximal Convoluted Tubule 2. Nephron Loop (Henle's loop) 3. Distal convoluted tubule
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| What is the proximal convoluted tubule? | First portion of the tubule that is highly coiled
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| What forms the Nephron Loop? | when the tubule straightens and dips into the medulla. It makes a U turn and ascends back toward the cortex
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| What is the Descending Limb? | the portion of the loop that descends from the proximal convoluted tubule into the medulla
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| What is the Ascending Limb? | the part that ascends back toward the cortex
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| What is the Distal Convoluted Tubule? | the final region of the tubule. It is also coiled and found in the cortex
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| What does urin pass from the Nephrons into? | collecting ducts
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| What forms the macula densa? | the cells of the ascending limb
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| What forms the juxtaglomerular? | when the afferent arterioles are modified
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| What is the function of Macula Densa? | monitors sodium chloride concentration in urine and influences the juxtaglomerular cells
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| What produces the enzyne Renin? | juxtaglomerular cells
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| What makes up the juxtaglomerular apparatus? | the macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells
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| What is the outer layer of the wall of the Ureters? | fibrous coat
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| What is the middle layer of the wall of the Ureters? | Muscular coat
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| What is the inner layer of the wall of the Ureters? | Mucosa
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| Where is the Urinary Bladder located? | pelvic cavity
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| What is the inner lining of the urinary bladder? | mucous membrane
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| What is the 2nd layer of the wall of the Bladder? | Submucosa
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| What is the middle layer of the wall of the Bladder? | Muscularis
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| What is the Detrusor Muscle? | smooth muscle fibers that are interwoven in all directions
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| What forms the Trigone? | 3 openings in the floor of the urinary bladder
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| What shape is the Trigone? | triangular
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| What is the internal urethral sphincter | a band of the detrusor muscle that encircles
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| What is the external urethral orifice? | opening to the outside
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| What is external urethral sphincter | skeletal muscle that encircles the urethra where it passes through the pelvic floor
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| What is the first part of the male urethra that passes through the prostate gland | prostatic urethra
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| What is the membranous urethra | second part of urethra and is short and penetrates the pelvic floor and enters the penis
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| What is the spongy urethra | The third part of the male urethra. It is the longest region. It extends the entire length of the penis
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| What is the first step in the formation of urine | Glomerular Filtration
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| What happens in the process of glomerular filtration? | blood plastma moves across the filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle and enters the glomerular capsule
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| What is the force that moves the fluid across the membrane | filtration pressure
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| what is the fluid that enters the capsule in glomerular filtration? | filtrate
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| What is tubular reabsorption | first process that changes the volume and composition of the filtrate
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| What is tubular secretion? | the final formation of urine is the transport of molecules and ions into the filtrate
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| List 3 hormones that influence urine concentration & volume | aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and atrial natriuretic hormone
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| What does Renin promote the production of? | Angiotensin II
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| What is Micturition | act of expelling urine from bladder
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| What is the micturition reflex? | stretch receptors in the bladder wall that trigger impulses
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