Digestive System
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| What does the Digestive System include? | Digestive Tract and Accessory Organs
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| What other names is the Digestive Tract called? | Alimentary Canal or Gastrointestinal Tract
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| What does the Digestive system include? | mouth, pharnyx, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestines.
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| What are Accessories to System? | teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder & pancreas
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| List 3 functions of digestive system | digestion, absorption & metabolism
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| What is ingestion? | to take in food
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| What is mechanical digestion? | food broken down into smaller particles (chewing) and Churning & mixing actions in stomach
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| What is chemical digestion? | complex molecules of carbs, proteins & fats are transformed by chemical digestion into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by cells.
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| What is hydrolysis? | when chemical digestion uses water to break down the complex molecules
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| What do digestive enzymes do? | speed up the hydrolysis process
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| What pathway does the food go through? | after ingestion & mastication, the food particles move from the mouth into the pharynx and then into esophagus.
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| Another name for swallowing? | deglutition
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| What are mixing movements? | occur in the stomach as a result of smooth muscle contraction. These repetitve contractions mix the food particles with enzymes & other fluids
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| Peristalsis | the movements that propel the food particles through the digestive tract. (rhythmic waves of contractions that move food particles through the various regions in which mechanical & chemical digestion take place.
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| What is Absorption? | food molecules pass through lining of the small intestine into blood
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| What is Elimination? | Elimination of food molecules that cannot be digested
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| How long is the digestive tract? | 9m (30 ft) in length. Extends from mouth to anus
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| List 4 layers of the Wall of the Digestive Tract | Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscular layer (muscularis), Serous Layer or Serosa
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| What layer is Mucosa | the innermost tunic
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| What is function of Mucosa | lines lumen of digestive tract. In certain regions it develops folds. Increases surface area for absorption.
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| What does Mucosa consist of? | epithelium, loose connective tissue, smooth muscle
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| What does Mucosa secrete? | Mucus, digestive enzymes, hormones
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| What is Submucosa? | Thick layer of loose connective tissue
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| What is Submucosa made up of? | Blood & lymphatic vessels. Also contains nerves that form a network called Submucosal Plexus
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| What is Submucosa's function? | carries away absorbed nutrients
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| What is the function of Submucosal Plexus? | Provides autonomic nerve impulses to the muscle layers of digestive tract
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| List two Muscle Layers (muscularis) | Inner Circular Layer and Outer Longitudinal Layer
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| What is function of Inner Circular Layer? | Contraction causes decrease in diameter of the tube
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| What is function of Outer Longitudinal Layer? | contraction causes shortening of the tube
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| What is Myentric Plexus? | Network of automoic nerve fibers between muscle layers
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| What is function of Myentric Plexus? | controls movements and secretions of digestive tract (along with submucosal plexus)
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| What layer is Serosa or Adventitia | Outermost Layer
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| Where is the Adventitia located? | Above the diaphgragm
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| What is Adventitia composed of? | connective tissue
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| Where is Serosa located? | below the diaphgragm
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| What is Serosa composed of? | layer of epithelium covering the connective tissue (visceral peritoneum)
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| What does serosa secrete? | Serous fluid for lubrication which allows abdominal organs to move smoothly against each other
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| What is function of Mouth? | 1. Receives food by ingestion
2. Breaks food into small particles
3. Mixes food with saliva
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| What is the function of Cheeks? | Helps hold food in mouth, keeps food in place for chewing & formation of words for speech. Also provides protection against abrasion from food particles
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| What are Lips? | Folds of skeletal muscle. Covered with a thin transparent epithelium
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| What is function of lips? | They have numerous sensory receptors to determine temperature and texture of foods
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| Why are lips red? | blood vessels underlying the epithelium
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| What are cheeks made of? | Covered by skin & subcutaneous tissue. Lined with mucus membrane (SSE)
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| What is the Tongue made of? | Skeletal muscle
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| What is the major attachment for tongue? | Root. It is anchored by hyoid bone
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| Where is Frenulum Linguae located? | connects tongue to floor of mouth
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| Where are Papillae located? | tiny projections on dorsal surface of tongue
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| What are functions of Papillae? | Provides friction for manipulating food in mouth and contains the taste buds
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| What is function of lingual tonsils? | provides defense against bacteria that enters the mouth
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| What is function of tongue muscles? | manipulates food in mouth for mastication and moves food around
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| Why does tongue muscle move food around? | to mix it with saliva, shape it into a ball-like mass (bolus) and to direct it toward the pharynx for swallowing
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| How many Primary (deciduous) teeth do you have? | 10 teeth in each jaw. So a total of 20
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| How many Secondary (permanent) teeth do you have? | 16 in each jaw. So a total of 32
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| Describe Incisors | chisel-shaped and have sharp edges. Used for biting food
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| Describe Cuspids (canines) | cone-shaped and have points. Used for grasping and tearing food
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| Describe Bicuspids (premolars) and molars | flat surfaces with rounded projections. Used for crushing and grinding food
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| List 3 parts of a tooth | Crown, Root & Neck
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| What is the Crown? | visible portion of the tooth covered by enamel
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| What is the Root of a tooth? | portion embedded in the sockets (alveolar processes) of the mandible and maxilla
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| What is the Neck of a tooth? | Small region in which the crown and root meet. Adjacent to the gingival (or gum)
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| What is the Pulp Cavity? | Central core of tooth
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| What is Pulp? | Consists of connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves
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| Where is Pulp located? | in pulp cavity
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| Root Canal | term used to describe the pulp cavity located in the root of the tooth
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| Apical Foramen | Opening in the root of the tooth for nerves and blood vessels
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| Dentin | surrounds pulp cavity and forms bulk of tooth
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| What is Cementum? | thin layer of calcified connective tissue
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| What are functions of Cementum? | 1. Surrounds dentin in the root of the tooth and 2. Attaches the root to the periodontal ligaments
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| Periodontal Ligaments | firmly anchor root in the alveolar process
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| Enamel | surrounds the dentin in the crown of the tooth
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| What is the hardest substance in the body? | Enamel
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| What is the largest Salivary glands? | Parotid Glands
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| Where are Parotid Glands located? | each side of head: just in front of ear
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| Where are Submandibular Glands located? | in floor of mouth
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| Where are Sublingual Glands located? | Also located in floor of mouth. Anterior to the submandibular glands and under the tongue
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| What makes up Saliva? | water, mucus and amylase (enzyme)
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| What are functions of Saliva? | cleansing action on teeth, moistens and lubes food during mastication and swallowing. Dissolves certain molecules so food can be tasted. Begins chemical digestion of starches
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| What does Pharynx connect? | Connects nasal and oral cavities to larynx and esophagus
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| Where are the Palatine Tonsils located? | Masses of lymphoid tissue located near the Fauces
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| Where does the Laryngopharynx open into? | Both the esophagus & larynx
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| What is pathway for food through pharynx? | 1. Food forced into pharynx by tongue 2. When food reaches Fauces the sensory receptors intiate swallowing reflex. Then Peristaltic movements propel food from pharynx into esophagus
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| When eating food what does the Uvula do? | Elevates and prevents food from entering nasopharynx
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| When eating food what does the Epiglottis do? | Drops downward and prevents food from entering the larynx. It directs food into esophagus
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| What is the Esophagus | Collapsible muscular tube
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| What is function of the Esophagus? | Passageway for food between pharynx & stomach
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| Where is Esophagus located? | behind the trachea and in front of vertebral column
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| What is the function of the Esophageal Spincter (cardiac sphincter) | controls movement of food between esophagus & stomach
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| Where is stomach located? | Upper Left Quadrant of Abdomen
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| Where does stomach receive food from? | Esophagus
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| What is the average capacity of the stomach? | 1.5 liters
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| What is the Cardiac Region? | Small region around stomach opening from esophagus
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| What is the Fundus? | Most superior Region of stomach
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| What is function of the Fundus? | Balloons above cardiac region to form a temporary storage area
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| What is the Body of the Stomach? | Main portion of the stomach
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| Stomach curves to the right creating two curvatures. What are they? | Lesser Curvature: Concave
Greater Curvature: Convex
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| What is Pyloric Region? | narrow region as body approaches the exit from the stomach
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| What is the function of the Pyloric Spincter? | Acts as a valve between the stomach & small intestines
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| What is the function of the muscular layer in wall of stomach? | mixes food with enzymes and other fluids
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| Where is Rugae located? | Longitudinal folds in the wall of the stomach
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| What is function of Rugae? | Allows the stomach to expand
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| What are Exocrine Gastric Glands composed of? | mucous cells, parietal cells and chief cells
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| What do Exocrine Glands Secrete? | Gastric Juices. 2-3 Liters produced daily
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| What do Mucous Cells secrete? | 1. thick and alkaline mucus that forms protective coating for stomach lining and 2. Thin & watery mucus that mixes with food and creates a fluid medium for chemical reactions
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| What do Parietal Cells secrete? | Hydrochloric Acid
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| What does Hydrochloric Acid do in stomach? | Kills bacteria and provides an acidic environment for the action of enzymes in the stomach
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| What do Chief Cells secrete? What is function of Chief Cells? | Pepsinogen. Begins digestion of proteins into polypeptides
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| What is Pepsinogen? | inactive form of the enzyme pepsin
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| What does Hydrochloric Acid to to Pepsin? | Converts inactive pepsinogen into the active enzyme pepsin. This begins chemical digestion of proteins
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| What do Endocrine Cells secrete? | Gastrin. Which regulates gastric activity
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| What does Churning action of stomach wall muscles do? | Breaks food into smaller sizes and mixes them with gastric juice. This produces Chyme
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| How does Chyme leave the stomach? | through the pyloric sphincter and enters the small intestine
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| List 3 Regulations of Gastric Secretions | 1. Cephalic Phase, 2. Gastric Phase and 3. Intestinal Phase
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| What does Cephalic Phase do? | anticipates food and prepares stomach to receive it
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| What triggers Cephalic Phase? | thinking about food and seeing, smelling or tasting
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| What happens when impulses are sent through vagus nerve to stomach? | causes an increase in the secretion of gastric juice and increases sections of the hormone gastrin
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| What is pathway of Gastrin? | enters blood and circulates back to stomach
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| When does Gastric Phase begin? | when food reaches the stomach. It stimulates reflexes that result in gastrin secretion
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| What does Gastrin consist of? | hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen
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| What does Hydrochloric Acid do in the Regulation of Gastric Secretions? | acidifies stomach contents and activates pepsinogen into pepsin
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| What does the Intestinal Phase do? | regulates entry of chyme into small intestine
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| What is Intestinal Phase triggered by? | passage of cyme through pyloric sphincter into duodenum
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| What stimulates secretion of intestinal hormones? | distention and the presence of acid chyme in duodenum
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| What happens when Chyme is neutralized and moves away from duodenum? | inhibitory responses stop and gastric secretion is again stimulated
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| As Chyme accumulates what does the pyloric sphincter do? | relaxes
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| how long do fatty foods stay in stomach? | 4 to 6 hours
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| What is function of Small Intestine? | finishes process of digestion, absorbs nutrients and passes residue to large intestine
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| Where is the Small Intestine located? | extends from pyloric sphincter to ileocecal valve
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| What are the plicae circulares? | circular folds in the wall of the intestines. They increase surface area for absorption
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| What are Villi? | finger like extensions of the mucosa. They project from the circular folds and further increases the surface area for absorption
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| Function of each Villus? | Surrounds a blood capillary network and a lymph capillary (lacteal) and absorbs nutrients
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| Where are the intestinal glands located? | between the adjacent Villi
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| List the 3 regions of the small intestine | Duodenum, Jejunum and Ileum
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| What is the Duodenum? | begins at pyloric sphincter and ends at jejunum. It receives chyme from stomach and receives secretions from liver & pancreas
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| Jejunum | Middle portion of small intestine
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| Ileum | Last portion of small intestine
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| What is Mesentery | extension of peritoneum. Suspends intestines from the abdominal wall
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| What is Enterokinase | enzye that activates a protein-splitting enzyme (trypsinogen) from pancreas
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| Where does the Large Intestine begin? | at ileocecal junction and ends at anus
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| What are Epiploic Appendages? | pieces of fat-filled connective tissue that is attached to outer surface of colon
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| Where is the Vermiform Appendix attached? | to Cecum. It has no function in digestion
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| What are the functions of the Large Intestine? | Absorption of fluid & electrolytes and to eliminate waste
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| What is the largest gland in body? | Liver
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| Where is the liver located? | Right hypochondrian and epigrastric regions of abdomen. Just beneath the diaphragm
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| How many lobes is the Liver divided into? | Two Major Lobes and Two Minor Lobes
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| Where is the Falciform Ligament located? | attaches liver to abdominal wall. It separates right lobe from left lobe (major lobes)
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| Name the two Minor Lobes of Liver | Caudate Lobe and Quadrate Lobe
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| What is the function of Bile Canaliculi | carries bile
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| What are Sinusoids? | venous channels that separate the plates of hepatocytes.
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| Function of Sinusoids? | carry blood from periphery of lobule toward the central vein
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| What does the portal triads consist of? | 1. Branch of hepatic portal vein, 2. branch of hepatic artery and 3. branch of hepatic duct
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| What does the liver secrete? | produces and secretes bile
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| What does the liver store? | Iron, glycogen, Vitams A, B12, D, E & K
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| What does liver exrete? | hormones, drugs, cholesterol, bile pigments
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| What is Lipid Metabolism? | Breakdown of fatty acids. Synthesis of cholesterol. Converts excess carbs and proteins into fat
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| What is carb metabolism? | removes excess glucose from blood and converts it to glycogen for storage. Then breaks down the glycogen into glucose
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| What is protein metabolism? | converts amino acids into different amino acids (as needed for protein synthesis)
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| What are the functions of Kupffer Cells? | removes bacteria, damaged red blood cells and other particles from blood
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| How much bile is produced in one day | 1 liter
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| What is function of Bile Salts? | breaks down large fat globules into tiny fat droplets. Increases surface area of the fat. Allows for more efficient enzyme action in fat digestion
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| Where are bile pigments produced from? | breakdown of hemoglobin from damaged red blood cells
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| How is gallbladder attached to liver? | by the cystic duct
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| What forms the common bile duct? | the cystic duct joins the hepatic duct
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| What happens to bile when it is ejected from gallbladder? | goes into the cystic duct
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| What is the function of the gallbladder? | to store and concentrate bile
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| What stimulates the gallbladder? | Cholecystokinin
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| What is the shape of the Pancreas? | elongated and flattened organ
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| Where is the pancreas located? | along posterior abdominal wall
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| Where is head of pancrease located? | Right side of pancreas
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| What do Islets of Langerhans secrete? | insulin and glucagon into blood
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| What do Exocrine portion of pancrease consist of? | pancreatic acinar cells
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| What does Pancreatic Amylas act on? | acts on starch and other complex carbs
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| What does Trypsin break down? | protein
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| What activates Trypsin? | enterokinase
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| What is function of pancreatic lipase? | breaks fat into fatty acids
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| what is function of secretin? | stimulates pancrease to produce a fluid with bicarbonate ions. Which neutralizes the acids in the duodenum
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| What speeds up hydrolysis? | digestive enzymes
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| What breaks down starches & complex carbs? | salivary amylase and pancreatic amylase
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| List Dissaccharides | sucrose, maltose and lactose
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| What are disaccharides broken down into? | monosaccharides (simple sugars)
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| What secretes Pepsin | gastric glands
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| What activates pepsin | hydrochloric acid
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| What is Trypsin secreted by? | Secreted by Pancreas as Trypsinogen (inactive). Activated by enterokinase to Trypsin (active)
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| What do pepsin & trypsin break down? | Into shorter chains of amino acids: peptides
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| What is function of Peptidase enzymes | produces amino acids and is absorbable end product of protein digestion
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| Where is the only place Lipid Fat Digestion occurs? | Small Intestine
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| What happens to Fat when it enters the Duodenum? | it is emuslfified by bile
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| What is function of Pancreatic Lipases? | break down fat into monoglycerides and fatty acids
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| How many liters of food enter the digestive tract daily? | 10 liters
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| How many liters of food enters the large intestine? | less than 1 liter
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| how many liters of food are absorbed in small intestine? | 9 liters
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| Where does absorption take place? | entire length of small intestine. Mostly in jejunum
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| What is left of Chyme when it reaches the large intestine? | some water, indigestible materials and bacteria
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