Respiratory System
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| Respiration | exchange of oxygen & carbon dioxide between the atmosphere & the body cells
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| Ventilation | moves air through a series of passes into & out of the lungs
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| External Respiration | exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood
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| Transports | the blood transports the gases to and from the tissue cells
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| Internal Respiration | exchange of gases between the blood and tissue cells
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| Upper Respiratory Tract | nose, pharynx and larynx
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| Lower Respiratory Tract | trachea, bronchial tree and lungs
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| Nose | framework consists of bone and cartilage
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| Nasal Cavity | interior chamber of the nose
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| Nasal Septum | divides the nose into two parts
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| Name two places that air enters the nasal cavity from the outside | nostrils and external nares
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| Internal Nares | the openings from the nasal cavity into the pharynx
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| Palate | forms the floor of the nasal cavity and separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
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| Hard Palate | anterior portion of the palate
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| Rhinitis | inflamm of the nasal mucuosa accompanied by excessive mucus
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| Tracheotomy | creation of an opening into the trachea through the neck and insertion of a tube to facilitate passage of air or removal of secretions
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| Respiratory Obstruction | foreign objects that become lodged in the larynx or trachea
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| Bronchoscopy | procedure in which a fiber optic bundle is inserted into the trachea and directed along the conducting passageways to the smaller bronchi. It allows visualization of the inside of the bronchi
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| Asthma | constriction of smooth muscle around the bronchial tree
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| Pleurisy | inflamm of the pleura
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| Pneumothorax | accumulation of air in the pleural cavity
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| Uvula | helps direct food into the oropharynx
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| Soft Palate | posterior portion of palate that has no bony support
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| Nasal Conchae | bony ridges that project into the nasal cavity. They help direct air flow through the nasal cavity
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| Where are the Paranasal Sinuses located? | in the frontal, maxillae, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones
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| What is the function of the paranasal sinuses? | reduce the weight of the skull, produce mucus and influence voice quality
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| ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium | mucous membrane that lines most of the nasal cavity
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| pharynx | throat
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| how long is the pharynx | 13 cm
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| List the 3 regions of the pharynx | nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx
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| nasopharynx | posterior to the nasal cavity and extend to the uvula
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| How does air enter the nasopharynx? | from the nasal cavity through the internal nares
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| what do the auditory tubes (esutachian) do? | help to equalize the air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane
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| pharyngeal tonsils | collections of lymphoid tissue
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| Where is location of pharyngeal tonsils? | posterior wall of the nasopharynx
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| Where is the oropharynx | posterior to the oral cavity
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| Where does the oropharynx receive food, air, and water from? | Oral cavity
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| fauces | opening between the oral cavity and oropharynx
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| What borders the Fauces? | masses of lymphoid tissue called tonsils
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| Where are the palatine tonsils located | in the lateral walls of the oropharynx, adjacent to the fauces
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| where are the lingual tonsils located? | on the surface of the posterior portion of the tongue, also in the region of the fauces
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| Where is the laryngopharnyx located? | most inferior portion of the pharynx
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| What are the oropharynx and laryngopharynx lined with? | mucuous membrane of stratified squamous epithelium
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| larynx | voice box. It is the passageway for air between the pharynx and the trachea
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| how long is the larynx | 5 cm long
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| What is the larynx made of? | formed by 9 pieces of cartilage that are connected to each other by muscles and ligaments
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| Name the 3 largest catilaginous portions of the larynx | thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage and epiglottis
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| thyroid cartilage | adams apple
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| cricoid cartilage | forms the base of the larynx and is attached to the trachea
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| epiglottis | long leaf shaped structure that prevents food and water from entering the trachea
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| Two pairs of ligaments that house the larynx | vestibular folds (false vocal cords) and true vocal cords
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| Function of false vocal cords | they work with the epiglottis to prevent particles from entering the lower respiratory tract
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| Function of true vocal cords | sound production
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| glottis | opening between the true vocal cords which leads to the trachea
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| trachea | windpipe
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| What forms the trachea? | consists of a tube that extends from the larynx and into the mediastinum, where it divides into R & L bronchi
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| How long is the trachea? | 12 to 15 cm long
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| What supports the trachea? | 15 - 20 C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage
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| What is the mucous membrane that lines the trachea ? | ciliated epithelium
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| what do the alveolar ducts consist of? | simple squamous epithelium
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| what is the function of the alveoli ducts | permits rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide
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| Describe the right lung | shorter, broader and has a greater volume than the left lung. It has 3 lobes
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| Describe the left lung | longer and narrower than the right lung. Has the cardiac notch and has two lobes
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| pleura | double layered serous membrane that encloses lungs
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| parietal pleura | lines the wall of the thorax
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| visceral pleura | attached to the surface of the lung
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| pleural cavity | small space between the visceral and parietal pleurae
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| pulmonary ventilation | referred to as "breathing". It is the process of air flowing into lungs during inhalation and out of lungs during exhalation
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| inhalation | process of taking air into the lungs
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| diaphragm | dome shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
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| What happens when the diaphragm contracts? | it drops or becomes flatter. This increases the size of the thoracic cavity
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| Exhalation (or expiration) | process of letting air out of the lungs during the breathing cycle
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| What happens when the diaphragm relaxes? | the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases to its normal size
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| What happens to the alveoli when air leaves the lungs? | they become smaller
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