Neuro 110 Final Exam
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| 2 Main Muscle Types | Striated
Smooth
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| Sub-types of Striated Muscle | Skeletal
Cardiac
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| What types of nerves innervate muscles? What are they used for? | A-alpha motor neurons - voluntary movement
A-gamma motor neurons - reflexes
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| List the steps involved in the contraction of a muscle Part 1 | 1. Action Potential Arrives at Terminal
2. Voltage Sensitive Ca2+ channels open
3. Influx of Ca2+
4. Exocytosis - Ach leaves terminal
5. Ach binds to Nicotinic Receptor
6. Influx of Na+, causing the End-plate Potential (EPP)
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| List the steps involved in the contraction of a muscle Part 2 | 7. Propogation of AP down Sarcolema
8. AP travels down T-tubule
9. Ca2+ is released by pulling the plug out of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
10. Influx of Ca2+ inside cell
11. Ca2+ causes confirmational change, exposing Tropomyosin
12.PowerStroke & Reco
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| Define Reflex | Unconscious response to a stimuli
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| What is the function of Muscle Spindles and what is this function used for | Monosynaptic stretch reflex; used to prevent muscle from overstretching
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| What is the function of Golgi Tendon and what is this function used for | Golgi Tendon Reflex; used to prevent muscle from overcontracting
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| What is autonomy | losing body parts for self protection
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| How are bears and astronauts similar? | Bears lose muscle during hibernation, astronauts lose muscle in space.
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| What is the problem, where does it occur, and what are possible treatments of Muscular Dystrophy? | Problem w/ muscle structure; occurs in peripheral; No cure, exercise muscle as treatment
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| What is the problem, where does it occur, and what are possible treatments of Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's Disease) | Cells attack nerves in spinal cord; Central and peripheral; No treatment/cure
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| What is the problem, where does it occur, and what are possible treatments of Myesthenia Gravis | Autoimmune; Peripheral; Acytylcholinesterase inhibitors
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| What is the problem, where does it occur, and what are possible treatments of Parkison's Disease | Depreciation of Dopaminergic neurons; occurs in Basil Ganglia; L-Dopa as treatment
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| What are the 3 levels of motor control | 1.) Planning of Movement ==> 2.) Tacticts of Movement ==> 3.)Execution of Movement
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| What is the role of the prefrontal/posterior parietal cortex in producing motor movement | Sending signals to area 6
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| What is the major role of area 6 | Controls complex movements on both sides; "what" actions are going to be carried out
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| What is the major role of area 4 | "how" actions are carried out
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| What is the major role of the Basal Ganglia | Starter Motor
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| What is the major role of the Cerebellum | Coordination of movement; learning movements; compares what is intended to what has happened
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| Describe the total motor loop involved in producing a motor output | Basal Ganglia allows movement to be made ==> Sends signal through VLo to Area 6 ==> Area 6 "instructs" Area 4 (output) ==> Cerebellum loop decides if movement has been done before ==> Back to Area 6, Area 4,==> output
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| What is the equilibrium potential of an ion? | The point at which there is no net movement of the ion across the membrane
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| Why is the intracellular concentration of Ca+ so low? | It is sequestered by certain organelles; the membrane is very impermeable to calcium at rest; it is actively transported out of the cytosol
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| What is the approximate concentration of Na+ outside the neuronal membrane? | 150 mM
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| What second messenger causes Ca+ to be released from organelles? | IP3
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| Which of the following is not an amino acid: GABA; Ach; Glutamate; Glycine | Ach
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| What ion blocks NMDA potentials if the postsynaptic cell has not been depolarized? | Magnesium
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| What effects could a GABA antagonist have on the CNS? | Seizures
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| What is the most excitatory NT | Glutamate
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| What NT is broken down in the synaptic cleft before reuptake | Ach
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| What range of pressure waves can the human auditory system detect | 20-20,000 Hz
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| What region of the retina is most highly specialized for high-resolution vision | Fovea
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| Photoreceptors are ____________ in the dark and_________________ by light | Depolarized, Hyperpolarized
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| What type of neuron would propogate an AP the fastest? | Fat, Myelinated
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| What type of energy do hair follicle receptors detect? | Mechanical
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| What type of energy do Otolith organs detect? | Mechanical
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| What type of energy do Rattlesnake Pit Organs detect? | Electrical
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| What type of energy do Free nerve endings detect? | Mechanical, Chemical, Electrical
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| What type of energy do Olfactory receptors detect? | Chemical
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| What type of energy do Meissner's Corpuscles detect? | Mechanical
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| What type of energy do Fish Lateral Line Receptors detect? | Mechanical
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| What type of energy do Cone Cells detect? | Electrical
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| What type of energy do Taste Receptors detect? | Chemical
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| Sharp, rapid pain travels along what type of neurons? | A-delta
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| What region of the spinal cord contains axons that transmit noxious stimuli? | Spinothalamic Tracts
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| Tunnel vision indicates a problem in the visual field at the level of the... | Optic Chiasm
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| Why is Umami important for humans to taste? | Detects proteins and amino acids for muscles
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| Why are Lipids important for humans to taste | Source of Energy
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| Why is Salty important for humans to taste? | Detects Na+, K+, and Ca++; needed for NS and osmotic balance
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| Why is Biter important for humans to taste? | Detects poison
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| Why is Sweet important for humans to taste? | Detects glucose
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| Why is Sour important for humans to taste? | Detects spoiled foods
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| The "all or none" characteristic of action potentials is due to | The Hodgkin Cycle
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| The An agonist to GABA in the CNS might cause | increased inhibition
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| Describe the Rising Phase of an Action Potential | Activation Gate opens, Voltage Sensitve Na+ channels open, Hodgin Cycle begins
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| Describe the Peak of an Action Potential | Inactivavtion gate closes, Stopping the influx of Na+; Voltage sensitive K+ channels open, causing an Efflux of K+
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| Describe the Falling Phase of an Action Potential | Enter Absolute Refractory Period. Another AP cannot be produced no matter how strong the stimulus is; K+ is still leaving the cell
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| The equilibrium potential of what ion is closest to the resting membrane potential? | K+
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