Science
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| The many overlapping food chains in an ecosystem make up a ___ | food web
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| 2. The interactions of living and nonliving things in the environment is | ecosystem
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| __ obtain energy by breaking down wastes and recycling the remains of dead organisms. | Decomposers
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| 4. Most rain and snow comes from evaporation of ________ | lakes, streams, oceans
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| 5. The process of combining free nitrogen with other elements is called: __________ | nitrogen cycle
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| 6. A process that needs sunlight as a source of energy to make food is _________ | photosynthesis
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| A collection of organisms and the nonliving factors that affect the ocean is called a(n) | ecosystem
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| The groups of organisms most likely to contain chlorophyll are the ___ | producers
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| The place where an organism lives that provides the things the organisms needs is called its ___ | habitat
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| group of individuals of the same species that live in a certain area at a certain time. | population
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| The study of how things interact with each other and with their environment is called__ | Ecology
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| Which term refers to an environmental factor that prevents a population from increasing? | limiting factors
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| Energy enters most ecosystems from | sunlight
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| List 2 examples of producers | grass, trees wheat
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| A food chain shows | how energy moves through an ecosystem
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| Nitrogen compounds are returned to the soil through the action of | decomposition
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| A waste product of respiration that producers take in during photosynthesis is | carbon dioxide
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| The organisms that form the base of most open-ocean food webs are | producers/ algae/ plankton
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| An organism's particular role in an ecosystem is it's | niche
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| The behaviors and physical characteristics of species that allow them to live successfully in their environment are called _____ | adaptations
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| Through the food chain, ______ is transferred from producers to consumers and decomposers. | energy
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| Organisms that can make their own food are ____________________. | producers
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| Consumers that eat both plants and animals are classified as ____________________. | omnivores
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| Bacteria are ________ that obtain energy by breaking down wastes and the remains of dead organisms. | decomposers
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| Some cycles in which matter and energy interact in an ecosystem are the water cycle, the carbon and oxygen cycles, and the _______________________. | nitrogen cycle
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| things that are or were living | biotic
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| things that never lived and/or aren't living | abiotic
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| process that occurs in deep ocean waters, where sunlight doesn't penetrate in which bacteria make food from disolved sulfer compounds | chemosynthesis
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| What is the greenhouse effect? | a natural heating that occurs when certain gasses in earth's atmosphere trap heat
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| What health problems result from the greenhouse effect? | cancer and lung problems
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| What causes the greenhouse effect? | green house gasses trap sun radiation heat in atmosphere
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| What is ozone depletion? | When ozone decreases from pollution
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| What health problems result from ozone depletion | skin cancer, cateracts, and sunburn
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| What causes ozone depletion? | CFC's
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| What is acid rain and what causes it? | acid precipitation falling as rain, snow, sleet, or hail that is formed when pollutants are released into the atmosphere
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| How is groundwater polluted and what can be done to stop it? | runoff from factories by the water and smoke that the factories put out
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| What is point source pollution? | pollution that enters water from a specific location and can be controlled or treated before entering water
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| What is non-point source pollution? | pollution that enters water from a large area and cannot be traced to a single location
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| What is a pollutant? | anything that harms the environment
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| Thepositions of the constellations appear tochange throughout the yearbecause __ | spin of the earth
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| About 90% of the stars in space are ___ stars | main sequence
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| A main sequence star becomes a ____ afterit uses up the hydrogenin its core. | red giant
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| Describe our sun. | medium temperature, average, yellow, main sequence
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| A galaxy that has a shape similar to a football is a (n) __ galaxy | elliptical
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| Describe the Milky Way Galaxy. | barred spiral, 100,000 light years across and 15,000 light years high, 200 billion stars
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| A __________________ is a region so dense that nothing, including light, can escape its gravity field. | black hole
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| A group of stars, gas, and dust held together by gravity is a _______________. | galaxy
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| A sequence of star colors from hottest to coolest is ________________________________. | blue/blue white, white, yellow, orange, red
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| _____ are patterns of stars in the sky. | constilations
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| A measure of the amount of the light given off by a star is its ___________________________. | absolute magnitude
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| A measure of the amount of light received on Earth is a star's _______ | apparent magnitude
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| ___ is the apparent shift in the position of an object when viewed from two locations. | parallax
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| A star begins as a _________________________, a large cloud of gas and dust. | nebula
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| The Sun produces energy by forming ________________________ in its core. | helium
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| Our Sun is considered average because its temperature and absolute magnitude place it in the __________________________________ range of the H-R diagram. | main sequence star
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| The _________________________________ states that between 15 and 20 billion yrs ago, the universe began expanding out of an enormous explosion. | big bang theory
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| A red shift in the spectrum of the light from an object indicates the object is moving ___________ you. | away from
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| The range of electromagnetic waves placed in a certain order is called the _________ | electromagnetic spectrum
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| Visible light can be separated into the various colors of the visible spectrum to form a (n) __________ | rainbow/ spectrum
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| An instrument used to view different colors of light produced by each type of light bulb is called a (n) __ | spectrascope
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| The life cycle of a star depends on its _________________________. | mass
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| List the pieces of evidence for the Big Bang theory. | (1) everything is redshifting, (2) cosmic background radiation, (3) quasars- oldest object in the universe
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| What is a light-year? Why do we use it to measure distances in space? | distance light can travel in a year, we need it to measure large distances in space
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| 1. A _______________ is part of the DNA code on a chromosome. | gene
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| A _________________ is the combination of the organism’s genetic makeup and the environment’s effect on that makeup. | phenotype
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| The study of ____________ is called genetics | heredity
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| What do scientists today call the factors that control traits? | genes
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| 5. What are the different forms of genes called? _____ | alleles
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| What does the notation TT mean to geneticists? __________________ | dominant (homozygus)
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| What does the notation tt mean to geneticists? | recessive (homozygus)
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| What does the notation Tt mean to geneticist? | Dominant (heterozygus)
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| What does a punntett square show? | probabliity of the outcome for offspring
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| What is an organism's physical appearance called? | phenotype
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| What do we call the genetic makeup? | genotype
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| The organism that has two identical alleles for a trait is: | homozygus
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| A heterozygus organism has ___ alleles | different
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| A homozygus organism has __ alleles | same
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| A mutation is any change in a ___ or ___ | gene or chromosome
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| When the last individual of a species dies, that species is considered __ | extinct
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| Mendel developed the principle of independent ____________ to understand how traits are passed through the generations | assortment
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| Define natural selection | whichever animal survives the best with certain adaptations
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| What is an adaptation? | something that helps an animal survive better in its environment
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| An organism can not survive and reproduce in its environment without | adaptations
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| traits are an organism's | physical characteristics
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| What are alleles? | forms of a gene
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| A mutation is harmful to an organism if it | hurts its chances of surviving
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| What is the major cause of extinction today? | habitat destruction
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| Behavioral adaptation is: | things that organisms do to survive
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| The youngest rocks are found where on the ocean floor? | mid ocean ridge
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| 2. Where do you find evidence of plate movement? ____ | boundries
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| What evidence was found on different continents that helped prove continental drift _____ | fossils, same climate
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| What is the idea called that said the continents have moved over time? ________ | continental drift
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| At what boundaries do plates move apart? ___ | divergant
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| At what boundaries do plates move towards each other? ___ | convergant
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| At what boundaries do plates side past each other? ____ | transform
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| Why did people not believe in continental drift? __ | evidence wasn't enough to convince people
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| What is the name of the giant landmass before the continents drifted? _________ | pangea
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| What causes seafloor spreading? ___ | convection currents
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| How fast do many continents move in a year? __ | 1-2 inches a year
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| What happens when two continents collide? | Mountains
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| What forms when two ocean plates collide? | island arcs, trenches
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| What forms when an ocean and a continental plate collide? | trenches, volcanoes
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| Who thought of the idea for continental drift? | Alfred Wegenr
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| What is the newer theory called the adds in convection current movement and ocean floor spreading? | plate tectonics
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| How do sedimentary rocks form? | sediments pressed and cemented together
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| How do igneous rocks form? | hot magma cools and hardens
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| how do metamorphic rocks form? | when heat, pressure, or fluids act on igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks.
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| What is a wave? | rythmic disturbance that carries energy, not matter
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| What is a medium? | line the wave travels through
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| What is the highest part of a wave? | crest
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| What is the lowest part of a wave? | trough
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| Define a transverse wave | type of mechanical wave in which the wave causes matter in the medium to move up and down, back and forth, at right angles to the direction the wave travels
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| Define a longitudinal wave. | exact same as transverse wave
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| What is the wavelength? | distance from one crest to another crest, or one trough to another trough
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| Sound is a __ wave | compressional
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| Sound waves do not travel through | a vaccum
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| Describe electromagnetic waves. | waves that don't need matter to carry energy
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| What is the speed of light? | 3X (10 to the 9th power) meters per second
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| Color of the light wave is detemined by: | frequency of the lightwave/ wavelength
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| Rarefaction: | particles spread apart
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| What is a compression? | compressing, going together
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| What is a reflection? | When a wave strikes an object or surface and bounces off.
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| Define amplitude | height of wave starting from medium
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| What is the frequency of a wave? | how fast it goes, # of waves per second
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