AP Psychology: Memory
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| Short Term Memory |
Activated memory that holds a few items briefly. |
| Long Term Memory |
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. |
| Sensory Memory |
The immediate, brief recording of sensory information in the memory system. |
| Automatic Processing |
Unconscious encoding of incidental information. |
| Effortful Processing |
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. |
| Rehearsal |
The conscious repetition of information. |
| Imagery |
Mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic coding. |
| Chunking |
Organizing items into familiar manageable units. |
| Mnemonics |
Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices. |
| Iconic Memory |
A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli. |
| Echoic Memory |
A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli. |
| Amnesia |
The loss of memory. |
| Implicit Memory |
Retention independent of conscious recollection. |
| Explicit Memory |
Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare. |
| Hippocampus |
A neural center that is located in the limbic system and helps process explicit memories for storage. |
| Recall |
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier. |
| Recognition |
A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned. |
| Déjà vu |
The eerie sense that “I have experienced this before.” Cues from current situation may trigger retrieval of an earlier experience. |
| Misinformation Effect |
Incorporating misleading information into ones memory of an event. |
| Acoustic Codes |
Represent information as sequence of sounds. |
| Visual Codes |
Represent stimuli as pictures |
| Semantic Codes |
Represent an experience by its general meaning. |
| Encoding |
The first stages of memory process where information is put into memory codes. |
| Storage |
The 2nd step in memory process which refers to the maintenance of information over time. |
| Retrieval |
The 3rd step in memory process which finds information stored in memory and brings it to consciousness. |
| Episodic Memory |
Memory of any even one was present at. |
| Semantic Memory |
Memory of general knowledge one was not present at. |
| Procedural Memory |
Memory of how to do things. (Ex: Ride a bike) |
| Transfer-Appropriate Processing |
Theory suggests that the critical determinant of memory is how the encoding process matches up with what is ultimately retrieved. |
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