NWHSU Histology 1 Final Review
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| The Neruomuscular Junction |
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| Pre-synaptic membrane contains | Axon Terminal GSE Synaptic Vesicles containing ACH
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| Post synaptic membrane: | Chemically -dependent receptors for ACh
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| Binding of Ach causes: | Subthreshold depolarizations leading to the AP
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| The Action Potential (AP) is: | The voltage change necessary to open Calcium channels in the SER, releasing Ca to bind to troponin.
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| Ca to bind to troponin triggers: | The sliding Filament theory of contraction the Ap thus causes the initiation of contraction, inactivation of aCH activity begins the cascade the events necessary to relax.
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| What makes up the M-Line: | Myosin held together on either side.
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| What makes up the I Band: | Just thin filaments.
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| What makes up the A Band: | Thin, and Thick.
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| Makes up the H Band: | Just thick.
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| Z- Lines are made up of | Alph Actin.
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| During Contraction A band: | did not change length.
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| Contraction I Band: | Remains as Z Line.
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| Contraction I & Z | Slide over each other ( Thin and Thck slide over each other).
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| Contraction ___ & ___ go away. | I and H
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| During contraction M: | Stays where it was.
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| What limits the z Contraction: | A thick fillaments is limiting contraction.
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| Triads: | Skeletal Muscle
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| Triads contain ___ Terminal Cisternae | 2
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| Triads contain ___Tubule | 1 between myofibrils
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| Triads contain 2 tc & 1 Ttubule btw myofibrils at the ___/___ Bands juction. | I & A
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| Diads are ______Muscle | Cardiac
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| Diads have ___TC and ___T-tuble | 1 & 1 between myofibrils at z0line
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| Limits of sarcomere "____to shining ___" | Z, Z
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| Skeletal muscle Triads have a ____ diatmeter T-tuble | Narrower
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| Cardiac muscle has a _____Diameter T-Tubule | Wider
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| NERVOUS TISSUE: |
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| Neuron: | Neuron cell body and all of its extensions.
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| Cell Body: | Essential for the survival of the neuron, contains all of the organelles for protein synthesis, repair proteins ,production of NTX.
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| Extentions of the Nervous Tissue have Three main purposes: | Reception, Conduction, Synaptic Trnsmission.
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| Reception- | Various stimuli dendrites , cell body, axon,
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| Conduction | Nerve impulses AP: Axon
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| Synaptic Transmission. | NTX releaased that act on receptors signal other neurons other muscle or gland. Nerve terminals.
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| Most common of neuronal Shapes Though wide variety among these: | Multipolar Neurons
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| Many dendrites, one axon | Multipolar Neuron
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| Axons may have collateral branches, have few branch points until their termination. | Multipolar Neuron
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| Final common pathway neurons to innervate skelletal muscle cells may reslut in the innervation of 40,000 muscle cells | Multipolar Neuron
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| Dendrites branch profusely and exhibit spines which greatly increase the surface area for synaptic contact. | Multipolar Neuron.
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| All Primary Afferent neurons | Psuedounipolar Nuerons
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| Cell bodies are located in the dorsal root ganglion, carries AP towards the CNS from the cell body: | Psuedounipolar Neurons
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| No DENDRITES: | Psuedounipolar Neurons
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| All _____________ are derived from embronic neural crest--all are PNS neurons. | Psuedounipolar Neurons
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| Functional Component of GSE | Multipolar Neurons
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| Neurons which Deliver common Pathway neurons: Pyramidal tract , spastic parlysis, Extra Pyramidal tracts, | Multipolar Motor Neurons.
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| Primary Afferent Neurons | Psuedounipolar Neurons.
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| Messners corpuscles, Discriminating touch, pacinian corpuscles. Ruffini End organs | Psuedounipolar Neurons (Primary Affernet Neurons)
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| These neurons possess some manner of receptive device on the peripheral end of their axon as a part or extension of theselves | Primary Afferent Neurons, Pseudounipolar neurons.
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| Muslce spindles and golgi tendons, Tast buds, organs of corti, free nerve endings | Primary Afferent Neurons, AKA: Pseudounipolar N.
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| Posess a cell body and a single axon which bifurcates as the peripheral process and the Central process | Primary afferent Neuron, (Psuedounipolar neuron)
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| Deliver information concerning environment internal or external, to the CNS | psuedounipolar Neuron.
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| Second, Third and fourth afferent Neurons | Multipolar Neurons
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| Deliver sensory information from the spinal cord toward the brain for further processing: | Multipolar Neurons
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| Sensory information only becomes conscious at the level of the _______ | Thalamus.
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| Small multipolar neurons, usually completely confined to gray matter | Interneurons.
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| Shuttle information btwn, afferent and efferent neurons | Interneurons.
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| Involved in reflex control | Interneurons.
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| Interneurons may be_______or ________ | Exitatory or Inhibitory
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| Mainly confined to the CNS though examples of PNS___________ can be found | Interneurons.
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| THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM: |
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| All neurons of the ANS are ________ | Efferent, GVE
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| All neurons of the ANS are ________ | Multipolar
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| Preganglionic Neurons are all_______ | Myelinated.
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| Sympathetic preganglionic axons travel from their cell bodies __-___ or __ through____Rami | T1-l2- or L3, White.
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| Sympathetic preganglionic axons synapse with postganglionic cells in the ____________or pass through the chain ganglia to become _________nerves. | Sympathetic chain ganglia, splanchnic.
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| Parasympathetic Preganglionic acons travel from their cell bodies in cranial Nerve nuclei, __,__,__,__ or in the ____________(s2-s4) | CN 3,7,9,10 , Sacral parasympathetic Nuclei.
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| Sacral Parasympathetic nuclei directly to postganglionic cell bodies whic husually reside in or near the _______they innervate | Organ.
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| Post ganglionic Neurons |
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| All Postganglionic Neuronal axons are: | Unmyelinated.
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| Sympathetic postganglionic neurons exist in the sympathetic chain or in the ___________ ganglia. | Prevertebral.
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| Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons exist usually in __________ganglia AKA: Auerbachs Plexuses. | Intramural
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| Cell bodies of all autonomic Ganglia are | Multipolar
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| NEUROGLIAL CELLS |
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| Support the functions of the neurons: | Neuroglial cells.
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| Neuroglial cells of the PNS | Satellite cells, Schwann cells.
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| Satellite cells are found in: | Ganglia of the PNS( Dorsal root ganglia)
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| Thought to have a nutritive role, shuttling nutrients from extra cellular space into te cells. | Satellite cells.
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| Involved in removal of waste from the cells. Compared to postion to the protoplasmic astrocytes. | Satellite cells.
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| Cells are found in bothe ganglia and nerves. | Schwann cells.
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| Associated with the unmyelinated axons, and all axons of the PNS | Schwann cells.
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| Playing a key role in repair of damaged axons: | Schwann cells.
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| Pink cells: | Schwann cells.
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| Neuroglial cells of CNS: | Oligodendrocytes, Astrocytes, Microglia, ependymal cells.
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| Only cell type not derviced from the neural tube. Instead derived from monocytes (mesenchyme) | Microglia.
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| Macrophages of CNS, are also associated with vascular elements. | Microglia.
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| Are epithelium like, line free surfaces in the CNS, produce CSF. | Ependymal cells.
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| Fibrous astrocytes found in the | White matter
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| Protoplasmic Astrocytes found only in the | Gray Matter.
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| Type of Neuroglial cell that form a glial scar: | Astrocyte.
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| Neuroglial CNS cell found in white matter and gray matter. | Oligodendrocyte.
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| Axons: One;branches typically at the terminal end. | Multipolar
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| Axons: One; branches near the cell body into a peripheral process and central process. | Psuedounipolar.
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| Cell bodies: Basically, large and small; Large= myelinated axons, touch and proprioception Small= unmyelinated axons, pain and temperature. | Psuedounipolar.
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| Cell Bodies: Various shapes and sizes, note Pramidal cells and Purkinje cells. | Multipolar
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| No Dendrites | Primary Afferent.
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| Many Dendrites, frequent branch points, occasionally exhibit spines to increase surface area. | Multipolar
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| PNS Examples: GSE, pre-and post GVE | Multipolar
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| PNS Examples: GSA, GVA, Primary Afferent neurons. | Psuedounipolar
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| Motor/Efferent examples Pyramidal, Extra pyramidal, GSE, GVE pre and post Ganglionic | Multipolar.
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| Sensory/ Afferent Examples: Second, Third, fourth order afferent tract neurons | Multipolar.
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| Sensory/Afferent Examples: Primary Afferent Neurons, GSA, GVA | Psuedounipolar Neurons.
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| All pre-ganglionic GVE neurons have ______axons | Myelinated .
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| Diameter effects (Axons or Dendrites causes)of myelin increase diameter decrease resistance increase conduction and the damageing effects of demyelinating deseases like MS. | Axons
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| Tapering diameter effect from cell body to erminal, current travels from high to low resistance, therefore current will travel toward the cell body. | Dendrites
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| Has the abillity to carry action potential | Axon
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| Do not exhibit voltage dependent ion channels | Dendrites
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| Chemically dependent channels for Axons Yes or no? | Yes
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| For Dendrites, chemically dependent channels? Yes or No? | Yes
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| Voltage dependent channels? Yes or no for Dendrites? | No
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| Passive channels for Axons and dendrites, both?Yes or No | Yes
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| All neurons whose cell bodies are in the CNS are derived from the: | Mantle zone, Neural tube.
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| All neurons whose cell bodies are in the PNS are derived from: | Neural Crest.
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| True or False? All cells require passive ion channels for maintaining resting potential. | True.
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| Voltage dependent channels are all or noe, the sodium channel creates the spike potential of action potential. True or False? | True
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| True or False? Chemically dependent ion channels are not all or none, they mediate EPSPs, IPSps, and MEPPs. | True
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| Schwann cells originate at site of: | Neural crest; PNS.
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| Oligodendrocytes origin and site are: | Ependymal layer, neural tube; CNS
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| Function of Schwann cells are: | Associated with all types of PNS axons; myelinates a piece of one axon
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| Oligodendrocytes functions are : | Myelinates pieces of many axons.
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| Schwann cells may be found in : | Ganglia and nerves
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| Oligodendrocytes may be found in: | Gray and White matter.
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| Red II fibers have high myoglobin | True.
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| White II fibers have ______ | Low, myoglobin.
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| Glycolytic activity for Red II fibers are | Low
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| Continue REVIEW ON RED II AND WHITE II FIBERS. |
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