lists for midterm
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| Most common indication for a Fetal echo: | Prior family history of CHD (congenital heart defects)
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| Most common type of ASD: | Ostium Secuncdum (70%)
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| Most common type of VSD: | Membranous (perimembranous) (80%) – Infracristal
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| Most common heart anomaly overall: | Bicuspid Aortic Valve
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| Most common type of Pulmonic Stenosis: | Valvular – stenosis of PV cusps
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| Ebstein’s Anomaly is associated with _____ most commonly (___% of cases) | ASD in 75% of cases
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| 5 Indications for a Fetal Echo: | 1. Prior family history of CHD (most common)
2. Known exposure to cardiac teratogens
3. Chromosomal abnormalities
4. Maternal conditions
5. Presence of extracardiac anomalies
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| In fetal transverse position, the _____ is closest to spine: | LA is closest to spine
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| In fetal transverse position, the _____ is closest to anterior chest wall: | RV nearest to anterior chest wall
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| Fetal transverse position provides a ____________ view in echo | a four chamber view
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| PW Doppler of MV and TV obtained from the _______ Four chamber view | Apical Four chamber view
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| Doppler & color flow of foramen ovale obtained from the _______ Four chamber view | Subcostal Four chamber view
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| 5 M-mode Measurements obtained from the Fetal Subcostal 4 Chamber view: | 1. Heart wall size
2. LV size and function
3. IVS & posterior wall thickness
4. RV internal dimension
5. Sizes of both atria
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| Anatomy viewed in Long Axis View of Aorta: |
o Proximal aorta
o Anterior aortic wall continuous w/IVS
o Posterior aortic wall continuous w/AMVL
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| Anatomy Obtained in Long Axis View of Pulmonary Artery: | • Shortened RV
• Pulmonic valve
• Pulmonary artery
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| Measurements obtained in Long Axis View of Pulmonary Artery: | PW Doppler & color flow used to evaluate for PI & PS
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| Anatomy seen in Short Axis of VENTRICLES: | RV, LV& IVS
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| Measurements obtained in Short Axis of VENTRICLES: | M-mode measurements of:
• Ventricular free wall
• IVS
• Chamber sizes
Color flow Doppler used to evaluate for abnormal VSD’s
If found, use PW Doppler to interrogate
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| Anatomy seen in Short Axis of GREAT VESSELS: | • RA, RV, LA
• TV, PV
• Pulmonary artery and ductus arteriosus
*appears same as adult PSAX aortic level
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| Measurements obtained in Short Axis of GREAT VESSELS: | • M-mode – Measure size of PA
• PW Doppler and color flow of TV and PV
(Also evaluate ductus arteriosus)
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| Anatomy seen in View of Aortic Arch: | • Ascending aorta
• Arch & branches (innominate, LCC & LSA)
• Descending aorta
• Right pulmonary artery
• Foreshortened LA
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| Measurements obtained in View of Aortic Arch: | • Color flow and PW to view velocity of aorta
• Used to rule out narrowing of aorta
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| Anatomy seen in View of Ductal Arch: | • Ductus arteriosus
• PA, aorta
• PV, RVOT
• AV, TV, LA
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| Measurements obtained in View of Ductal Arch: | Doppler to assess ductus arteriosus
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| Anatomy seen in View of IVC & SVC: | RV, RA, TV, IVC, SVC
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| Measurements obtained in View of IVC & SVC: | PW Doppler and color flow to assess venous flow
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| 5 Types of ASD: | 1. Ostium Primum (20%)
2. Ostium Secuncdum (70%)
3. Sinus Venosus (10%)
4. Coronary Sinus ASD (RARE!)
5. Common Atrium (RARE!)
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| Ostium Primum ASD located in _____ portion of ______ | Inferior portion of IAS
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| Ostium Secuncdum ASD located in _____ portion of ______ | Mid portion of IAS
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| Sinus Venosus ASD located in _____ portion of ______ | superior portion of IAS near junction of SVC and RA
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| Coronary Sinus ASD located in _____ area close to ______ | The inferior septal area close to coronary sinus
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| Ostium Primum – Associated anomaly: | deformed MV
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| Sinus Venosus – Associated anomaly: | Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (*pulmonary veins do not enter the LA*)
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| The hemodynamic effect depends on these 3 things: | 1. Size and direction of shunt
2. Compliance of ventricles
3. Response of pulmonary vascular bed to increased blood flow
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| 5 Types of VSD: | 1. Inlet septum (3-5%) – Infracristal
2. Trabecular (5-20%) – Infracristal
3. Outlet septum (3-5%) – Supracristal
4. Membranous (perimembranous) (80%) – Infracristal (Most common type)
5. Malaligned septum
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| Complete Endocardial Cushion Defect Consists of all 3 of the following: | 1. Ostium primum ASD
2. Perimembranous VSD
3. Straddling AV valves (Anterior MV & septal TV create one valve)
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| Only ONE the following need to be present to be considered PARTIAL Endocardial Cushion Defect: | • Ostium primum ASD with a cleft MV
OR
• Endocardial inlet VSD only
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| Ductus arteriosus Functionally closes ______ after birth and Structurally closes ______ after birth | Functionally closes 15 hrs after birth and
Structurally closes 2-3 weeks after birth
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| Persistent Truncus Arteriosus accounts for ______% of all congenital heart defects | only 0.4-2.8%
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| Persistent Truncus Arteriosus – 4 Classifications: | Type I – A short main PA arising from truncus
Type II – Separate but closely positioned PAs arising from the posterior portion of the truncus
Type III – Widely separated PAs arising laterally from truncus
Type IV – PAs arise from the DAo
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