Review material from Test 1 PART II
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| Flux is? What does it mean for net flux to be 0? | Amount of material crossing a surface /time. Net flux = 0 when equilliburium is reached
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| What is the net flux equation? | Kp (perm const) * Area (Cout - Cin)
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| What is the diffusion dependent upon? | 1. Concentration 2. Temp 3. Mass 4. Surface Area 5. Medium
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| Which ones have an indirect releationship with net flux? | Mass
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| What can diffuse through lipid bi-layer more easily? Polar or non-polar? | Non-polar
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| What electrical phenomena affects ion diffusion? | Membrane potential
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| What the heck does the above mean??? | It means that since most cells are (--), we'll try to get (+) in, too to balance it all out
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| What are the two components of the electrochemical gradient? | Concentration and electrical differences
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| Why can't AA and and glucose diffuse through lipid bilayer? | Because it is too polar and too big
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| So lucy lou, what do we do? | TRANsporters!
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| What are these like? | PACMAN
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| What are the two types? | Facilated and active
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| How fast are transporter proteins? | SLOW, b/c unlike diffusion, they can become saturated!!!
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| What is transported in this way?? | Glucose
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| Primary Active Transport energy it needs is: | ATPase
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| What is transported using primary active transport? | Na/K , Ca, H+, and H+/K+
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| How does secondary active transport work w/ what kind of energy? Explain: | Ion concentration gradient; movmenet of stuff from hi to low conc. provides energy for this secondary process
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| Can water diffuse across a cell membrane considering it is polar? | yeah, b/c it is small
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| What is mostly INSIDE (Intracellular)? | K+ and organic solutions
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| OUTSIDE (EXTRACELL) | Na/ Cl-
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| ISOTONIC size difference? | Same
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| Hypertonic? | Cell shrinks
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| Hypotonic? | Cell swells
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| How can stuff diffuse across skin? Use the terms endo/exo/desmosomes | Paracellular pathway (desmo) or transcellular pathway (across; endo/exo)
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| LECTURE 7 | LECTURE 7
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| What are the four parts of the neuron? Function of each? | Cell body (nucleus), dendrites (receive info), axon (single; transmits info to neurons), and axon terminal (neurotransm)
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| What is the nodes of ranvier? | Gaps in myelination of axon
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| What DON'T afferent neurons contain? | NO DENDRITES
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| Where are most portions located? | OUTSIDE CNS
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| EFFERENT has most portions where? Where's the axon? | Most portions in, but axon is outside CNS
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| Interneurons are located? | IN CNS
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| What are glial cells? | form myelin, neurons need them
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| What forms myelin in CNS? PNS? | Oligodendrocytes in CNS; schwann int he other
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| Can neurons in CNS divide? What about PNS? | No in CNS; yes in PNS
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| What phenomena helps maintain membrane potential? | Sodium potaisum pump: 3 NA OUT, 2 K IN
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| What is the resting membrane potential in Neuron? | -70
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| Where does the current in an AP travel along in the neuron? | Along the axon
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| What is a graded potential? Vs. AP? | Doesn't reach AXON at all. AP goes all along axon
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| Overshoot? | Inside of cell becomes +
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| Repolarized? | Go back to resting
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| What induces DEpolarization? | Sodium getting into cell (making it less negative)
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| Hyperolarized is induced by? | becomes more negative by K+ flowing otu of cell
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| LECTURE 8 | LECTURE 8
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| Comapre theWhen the neuron membrane reaches threshold potential, compare teh size of the AP generated if I had burned my hand vs. felt a change in temp? | Same SIZE despite strenght of stimulus
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| Hyperpolarization involes the cllsoing of what channel and opening of what channel? | Sodium closes, potasium opens
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| Why does potasium open? | Restore membrane potential
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| How does the size of the AP decrease as it is propeganted along the axon? | IT DOESN'T
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| What does the velocity of the AP depend on? | Fiber diameter and myelination
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| SNAPSES | SYNAPSES
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| An excitatory synapse brings teh membrane of the presynaptic cell closer to threshold. T or F? | FALSE, it is the POSTsynaptic
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| What influences whether a postsynaptic cell fires APs? | Active synpases and whether they're excting or inhibitory
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| What happens when the AP reaches the end of the presynpatic neuron? | Depolarize, calcium channels open, and calcium gets into axon terminal
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| What happens after ca is in axon terminal? | Vesicles fuse w/ PM and release contents 5. NT gets with post-synpatic cell-->activate its recetprs 6. Open ion channels or close them in postsynaptic PM
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| Excitory synapses open what channels? Inhibitory synapses open what channels | Excite: Na/K. Inhibit: Open Cl-/K
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| Neurotransmitters cause? | EPSPs and IPSPs
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| NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND NEUROMODULATORS | STUFF TO KNOW!!!
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| Acetylcholine (Ach) function in PNS. What abuot CNS? | PNS: Skelatal muscles. CNS: role in learning
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| What does nicotinic vs. musscarininc ach do? | Nicotinic: ion channel. Muscarinic: W/ G-protein
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| Biogenic amines from amino acids are: | serotinin histamine, catecholamines
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| What are exampels of catecholaimines? | NE:, EPI, and DOPAMINE
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| Alpha adrenergic receptor is activated by? | cAM<P second messengers or impacts Ca/K+ channels
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| Beta adrenergic: | cAMP second messenger
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| Function of seratonin? IN CNS OR PNS? | Neuromodulator (in CNS)
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| What are excitory aminio acids in teh CNS? and short role? | Glutamate and aspartate (role in learning)
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| What are inhibitory amino acids in CNS? | GABA and Glyucine
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| What is an example of a neuropeptide? Important with? | Endogenous opioids; runner's high
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| LECTURE 9 | LECTURE 9
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| Nerve: | Nerve fibers in PNS
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| Tract: | Nerves in CNS
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| Ganglion: | Bodies in PNS
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| Nuclei: | BODIES IN CNS
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| Spinal cord has gray matter containnig? What about white matter? | Graymatter has cell bodies, whereas white matter has axons in tracts (myelinated)
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| What does the meddula oblongata contain that is really essential for life? | Reticular formation
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| When does the cerebellum develop? What does it have a role in? | AFTER birth. role in posture, movement, memory
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| What is the lymbic system? What disease most affects it? | forebrain associated with learning and emotions; impacted by alzhemiers disease
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| What kind of nerve fibers are in DRG? | BOTH afferent and efferent neurons
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| Somatic fibers release and act upon? | Ach and act on skeletal muscles
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