Review material from Test 1
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| Which feedback, positive or negative, doesn't favor stability? | Positive
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| Give an example of a local response? Global response? | Small Cut vs. shivering when cold
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| What are eicosanoids? | Have lots of effects; like smooth muscle contraction, clotting,
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| What is the pacemaker for circardian rhthms? | Hypothalamus
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| Entrainment? Ex? AKA? | Alter bio rhythms due to environment change; light dark cycle; like a phase-shift
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| Heart attacks occur? | morning
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| LECTURE 2 | LECTURE 2
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| Main elements in body? | COHN
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| What is the most ionic type of bond? | Polar
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| Hydrophobic stuff is polar or non-polar? | Non-polar
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| What provides energy for when we need it now? | Carbs
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| What composes carbs? | Sugars and startch
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| LIPIDS are made of? What kind of bonds? | Hydrogen and carbon linked by covalent (non-polar) bonds
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| Four classes of lipids? | Fatty acids, Triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids
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| PROTEINS are made of? | Peptides and amino acids
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| How many AAs? | 20
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| What can change the funtion of a protein? | Fodling
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| NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA and RNA), which decodes DNAs info itno a specific sequence of AAs to make ap olypeptide chain" | RNA
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| 3 compnents of nucleotides (subunits of DNA)? | Phsophate, sugar, and base
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| How does the nucleotide chain forms? How many different nucleotides are out there? | Phosphate binds to sugar of the other molecule; 4: ACTG
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| What are the purine bases? | AG
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| Pyrimidine? | CT
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| What causes the two nucleotide chains to bind in DNA? | Many Hydrogen bonds
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| RNA has how many chains? | 1
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| What is replaced in DNA when you get RNA? | T becomes U
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| LECTURE 3 | LECTURE 3
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| Functions of PM? | 1. Detect signals, 2. anchor 3. Transmits force
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| What is the mannar in which phospholipids hang out in cell? | They're not attached to anything, randomly
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| What kind of proteins are in the PM? | Integral and peripheral
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| What are the three cell-cell junctions? What are their characteristics | Desmosomes (skin stetch), tight (NO stuff in), and gap (lets CERTAIN stuff in, communication)
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| What lets stuff into nucleous? | Nuclear pores
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| What is the nuclear envelope? | Dbl membrane
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| Function of Golgi? | Gets proteins from rough ER, sorts, pakages, and ships out to other cells
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| Mitochodnrion looks like and does what using what? | Dbl membrane, makes CO2+ATP out of O2, mostly in brain
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| Functions of cytsokelaton? | Maintain and change cell shape, movement, DNA segregation in division
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| What are the three types? | Microfilament, intervmeidate and microbuule
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| How many genes in DNA? | Many
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| What aer alleles? How many do we get of each gene? | Variants of DNA; we get to copies of each gene
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| Codons are? | When DNA --> RNA, DNA organized into 3 nucleotides-->sequence single amino acid-->PROTEINS
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| What 3 factors influence protein synthesis? | 1. Transcription rate into mRNA, 2. Stability of mRNA 3 . Translation of mRNA
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| What is inititation AKA? What allows this to happen? | Translation of mRNA-->Protein by ribosome
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| LECTURE 4 | LECTURE 4
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| What kind of biding strength (covalent,..etc.) does a ligand have? | Weak interaction; NOT covalent
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| What gives proteins the abiliity to have different binding sites? | The amino acid sequences
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| What does the degree of saturation depend on? | Ligand concentration and biding site affinity
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| If two substances are present with equal affinity, but one is in higher concentration, which will bind? | (blank)
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| What can change protien binding site shape? | Allosteric or covalent modulation
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| Cellular function mainly depends on the control of? | Protein activity
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| What structure gets rid of used up proteins? | Lysozome
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| What determines chemical reaction rates? As you increase them, the reaction rate increases except for which one? | 1. Reactant concentration 2. Activation energy (EXCEPTION), 3. Temperature 4. Catalyst
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| Which one, a reversible or irreversible reaction, yields more product? | Irreversible
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| Is ATP used to store energy? | NO, just transfer it
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| Equation to generate ATP? | ADP + p + 7kcal --> ATP + Water
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| Breakind won ATP yeilds what? | Mostly heat, almost half ATP
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| Glycolysis starts with what molecule? What happens if Oxygen is present? If not? | Begin with glucose-->pyruvate (w/ O2) or lactate (w/o O2)
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| What molecules are usually broken down in glycolysis? How much NET Atp/ | Carbs; 2 ATP
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| Where does the pyruvate feed into? | Kreb's cycle
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| What does krebs cycle work to break down? | Carbs, proteins, and fats
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| What is produced from pyruvate in krebs cycle? | Acetyl coenzyume A.
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| What is produced from the krebs's cycle? Where does it feed into? | Hydrogen, CO2, and 2 ATP-->feeds into oxidative phosophorylation cycle
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| What is needed to allow this feeding into ETC thing? | You need NAD and FAD to combine with H -->NADH and FADH2 (e- carriers)
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| What is the equation for the transfer of energy to this reaction? | O2 + H --> Water + 53kCAL!!!
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| So how do you FORM ATP? | NADH and FADH2 transfer of electrons
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| How much ATP do we get out of breakdown of CHO? | 38 ATP
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| When does glycogen form? Where does it get broken down? | Glycogen forms in glycolysis and breaks down in liver
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| What synthesizes and stores fats during food uptake? | Adipocytes
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| How do we break down fat to make ATP? | Via beta oxidation
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| What is beta oxidation? | Acetyl CO-A breaks down fat--> by products enter Krebs cycle_->oxidative phosphorylation
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| In protein catabolism, how is the amino group removed? What does it then do? | deamination or transmamination. Can enter glycolytic or krebs cycle
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| What is a by product of protein catabolism? | Urea
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| Where does the krebs cycle and oxidative phossphyrlation and glycolysis take place? | Mito, mito; cytosol
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| Can we get all our amino acids synthesized from our body? | Nope, you gotta eat something
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| What are some essential nutrients? | fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, and mineral elements
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| RECEPTORS | RECEPTORS
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| Intracellular receptors interact with? | Lipid soluble messengers
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| What is the sequcne of activation of plasma membrane receptors? | Messenger binds, activate receptor (change shape), response
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| Function of G proteins? | Activate other proteins/ open an ion channel
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| Where are they sually located? | PM
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| Say, I ingest a drug, what do I impact? | G proteins
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| SECOND MESSENGERS | SECOND MESSENGERS
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| What are the 3 second messengers? | 1. cAMP 2. PI3 and DAG, Ca++
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| How does CAMP get formed? | Adenyl ccylase + ATP
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| PI3 and DAG form by? | phopholipase C converts PIP2 into that
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| Calcium is dimorphic in what sense? | Can open a channel or induce more calcium release
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| ACTION induced via second messenger (ex) cAMP)? 5 steps | Adenyl cyclase-->2nd messenger cAMP-->make dependent kkiinase cAMP-->phophorylates proteins-->cell responds
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| FROM REVIEW SESSION | FROM REVIEW SESSION
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| What process do lipids undergo to get broken down? | Oxidative phosphorylation
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| What do you take into account when you are determining diffusion? | Charge, and concentration
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| What is the most important active transport process that helps in membrane polarization? | Na/K ATPase pump
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| What influences how ligands will bind to a cell? | Affinity and concentration presetn
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| What is the most common signal transduction pathway? | G-Protein
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| Where would you find hormone receptors and why? | Inside cell b/c they are lipid soluble!!
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| What is the pathway of an AFFERENT neural signal? | sense-->Thalamus-->Cortex-->association-->thalamus-->wherever (depens on signal)
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