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PHYS T1 Review
Review material from Test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which feedback, positive or negative, doesn't favor stability? | Positive |
| Give an example of a local response? Global response? | Small Cut vs. shivering when cold |
| What are eicosanoids? | Have lots of effects; like smooth muscle contraction, clotting, |
| What is the pacemaker for circardian rhthms? | Hypothalamus |
| Entrainment? Ex? AKA? | Alter bio rhythms due to environment change; light dark cycle; like a phase-shift |
| Heart attacks occur? | morning |
| LECTURE 2 | LECTURE 2 |
| Main elements in body? | COHN |
| What is the most ionic type of bond? | Polar |
| Hydrophobic stuff is polar or non-polar? | Non-polar |
| What provides energy for when we need it now? | Carbs |
| What composes carbs? | Sugars and startch |
| LIPIDS are made of? What kind of bonds? | Hydrogen and carbon linked by covalent (non-polar) bonds |
| Four classes of lipids? | Fatty acids, Triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids |
| PROTEINS are made of? | Peptides and amino acids |
| How many AAs? | 20 |
| What can change the funtion of a protein? | Fodling |
| NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA and RNA), which decodes DNAs info itno a specific sequence of AAs to make ap olypeptide chain" | RNA |
| 3 compnents of nucleotides (subunits of DNA)? | Phsophate, sugar, and base |
| How does the nucleotide chain forms? How many different nucleotides are out there? | Phosphate binds to sugar of the other molecule; 4: ACTG |
| What are the purine bases? | AG |
| Pyrimidine? | CT |
| What causes the two nucleotide chains to bind in DNA? | Many Hydrogen bonds |
| RNA has how many chains? | 1 |
| What is replaced in DNA when you get RNA? | T becomes U |
| LECTURE 3 | LECTURE 3 |
| Functions of PM? | 1. Detect signals, 2. anchor 3. Transmits force |
| What is the mannar in which phospholipids hang out in cell? | They're not attached to anything, randomly |
| What kind of proteins are in the PM? | Integral and peripheral |
| What are the three cell-cell junctions? What are their characteristics | Desmosomes (skin stetch), tight (NO stuff in), and gap (lets CERTAIN stuff in, communication) |
| What lets stuff into nucleous? | Nuclear pores |
| What is the nuclear envelope? | Dbl membrane |
| Function of Golgi? | Gets proteins from rough ER, sorts, pakages, and ships out to other cells |
| Mitochodnrion looks like and does what using what? | Dbl membrane, makes CO2+ATP out of O2, mostly in brain |
| Functions of cytsokelaton? | Maintain and change cell shape, movement, DNA segregation in division |
| What are the three types? | Microfilament, intervmeidate and microbuule |
| How many genes in DNA? | Many |
| What aer alleles? How many do we get of each gene? | Variants of DNA; we get to copies of each gene |
| Codons are? | When DNA --> RNA, DNA organized into 3 nucleotides-->sequence single amino acid-->PROTEINS |
| What 3 factors influence protein synthesis? | 1. Transcription rate into mRNA, 2. Stability of mRNA 3 . Translation of mRNA |
| What is inititation AKA? What allows this to happen? | Translation of mRNA-->Protein by ribosome |
| LECTURE 4 | LECTURE 4 |
| What kind of biding strength (covalent,..etc.) does a ligand have? | Weak interaction; NOT covalent |
| What gives proteins the abiliity to have different binding sites? | The amino acid sequences |
| What does the degree of saturation depend on? | Ligand concentration and biding site affinity |
| If two substances are present with equal affinity, but one is in higher concentration, which will bind? | (blank) |
| What can change protien binding site shape? | Allosteric or covalent modulation |
| Cellular function mainly depends on the control of? | Protein activity |
| What structure gets rid of used up proteins? | Lysozome |
| What determines chemical reaction rates? As you increase them, the reaction rate increases except for which one? | 1. Reactant concentration 2. Activation energy (EXCEPTION), 3. Temperature 4. Catalyst |
| Which one, a reversible or irreversible reaction, yields more product? | Irreversible |
| Is ATP used to store energy? | NO, just transfer it |
| Equation to generate ATP? | ADP + p + 7kcal --> ATP + Water |
| Breakind won ATP yeilds what? | Mostly heat, almost half ATP |
| Glycolysis starts with what molecule? What happens if Oxygen is present? If not? | Begin with glucose-->pyruvate (w/ O2) or lactate (w/o O2) |
| What molecules are usually broken down in glycolysis? How much NET Atp/ | Carbs; 2 ATP |
| Where does the pyruvate feed into? | Kreb's cycle |
| What does krebs cycle work to break down? | Carbs, proteins, and fats |
| What is produced from pyruvate in krebs cycle? | Acetyl coenzyume A. |
| What is produced from the krebs's cycle? Where does it feed into? | Hydrogen, CO2, and 2 ATP-->feeds into oxidative phosophorylation cycle |
| What is needed to allow this feeding into ETC thing? | You need NAD and FAD to combine with H -->NADH and FADH2 (e- carriers) |
| What is the equation for the transfer of energy to this reaction? | O2 + H --> Water + 53kCAL!!! |
| So how do you FORM ATP? | NADH and FADH2 transfer of electrons |
| How much ATP do we get out of breakdown of CHO? | 38 ATP |
| When does glycogen form? Where does it get broken down? | Glycogen forms in glycolysis and breaks down in liver |
| What synthesizes and stores fats during food uptake? | Adipocytes |
| How do we break down fat to make ATP? | Via beta oxidation |
| What is beta oxidation? | Acetyl CO-A breaks down fat--> by products enter Krebs cycle_->oxidative phosphorylation |
| In protein catabolism, how is the amino group removed? What does it then do? | deamination or transmamination. Can enter glycolytic or krebs cycle |
| What is a by product of protein catabolism? | Urea |
| Where does the krebs cycle and oxidative phossphyrlation and glycolysis take place? | Mito, mito; cytosol |
| Can we get all our amino acids synthesized from our body? | Nope, you gotta eat something |
| What are some essential nutrients? | fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, and mineral elements |
| RECEPTORS | RECEPTORS |
| Intracellular receptors interact with? | Lipid soluble messengers |
| What is the sequcne of activation of plasma membrane receptors? | Messenger binds, activate receptor (change shape), response |
| Function of G proteins? | Activate other proteins/ open an ion channel |
| Where are they sually located? | PM |
| Say, I ingest a drug, what do I impact? | G proteins |
| SECOND MESSENGERS | SECOND MESSENGERS |
| What are the 3 second messengers? | 1. cAMP 2. PI3 and DAG, Ca++ |
| How does CAMP get formed? | Adenyl ccylase + ATP |
| PI3 and DAG form by? | phopholipase C converts PIP2 into that |
| Calcium is dimorphic in what sense? | Can open a channel or induce more calcium release |
| ACTION induced via second messenger (ex) cAMP)? 5 steps | Adenyl cyclase-->2nd messenger cAMP-->make dependent kkiinase cAMP-->phophorylates proteins-->cell responds |
| FROM REVIEW SESSION | FROM REVIEW SESSION |
| What process do lipids undergo to get broken down? | Oxidative phosphorylation |
| What do you take into account when you are determining diffusion? | Charge, and concentration |
| What is the most important active transport process that helps in membrane polarization? | Na/K ATPase pump |
| What influences how ligands will bind to a cell? | Affinity and concentration presetn |
| What is the most common signal transduction pathway? | G-Protein |
| Where would you find hormone receptors and why? | Inside cell b/c they are lipid soluble!! |
| What is the pathway of an AFFERENT neural signal? | sense-->Thalamus-->Cortex-->association-->thalamus-->wherever (depens on signal) |
Created by:
talkglitter2486