Vitamins/Minerals
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| Vitamin A | retinol-animal, carotene-plant.
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| Function Of Vitamin A | Normal Vision, healthy skin bones and teeth, fights infection, Antioxidant
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| Deficiency Of vitamin A | Night blindness, keratosis, lowers resistance skin changes, reduced growth.
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| Toxicity Of vitamin A | headache, blurred vision, bone & joint pain, dry skin, poor appetite, yellow skin, death
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| Food Sources Vitamin A | retinol-liver, milk, egg yolk, butter, fish, liver oil, yellow foods, dark green leafy vegetables, rfuits
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| Vitamin D | calciferol "sunshine vitamin"
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| Function Of Vitamin D | enables body to utilize and retain calcium and phosphorous, builds strong bones and teeth, can be manufactured by the body is exposed to sunshine for 10-15 minutes 3 times per week.
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| Deficiency of vitamin D | rickets, muscle cramps, tetany related to low calcium absorption
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| toxicity of vitamin D | kidney stones
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| Food sources of vitamin D | fish oils, fortified milk
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| Vitamin E | tocopherol
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| Function of Vitamin E | antioxidant, forms RBC's, muscle tissue, possible functions: increased sexual potency, decrease aging, senility and may prevent MI (heat attack)
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| deficiency of Vitamin E | can cause breakdown of RBC's and anemia
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| Toxicity of Vitamin E | can have excessive bleeding
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| Food sources of Vitamin E | vegetables oils, whole grains, green vegetables, milk, meats, and fish.
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| Vitamin K | phlloquinine( menadione)
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| Function of Vitamin K | essentail of normal clotting of blood, must be present in liver for prothrombin production
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| Deficiency of vitamin K | Unlikey in adults, newborns lack bacteria in intetine, cannot produce prothrombin beeded for clotting and are givin injections(aquamephyton)
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| toxicity of vitamin k | jaundice in infants
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| food source of vitamin k | dark green leafy vegetables, liver, dairy products
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| Vitamins with antioxidants | A,C,E
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| Vitamin C | ascorbic acid
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| function of vitamin c | wound and fracture healing, increases iron absorption, functions as antioxidant, helps resist infections
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| deficiency of vitamin C | scurvy, abnormal formation of bones and teeth, dry skin, anorexia
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| toxicity of vitamin c | kidney stones, blood disorders
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| food sources of vitamin c | fresh raw fruits and vegetables, citurs fruits, tomatoes, potatoes
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| B1 | Thiamine
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| function of Vitamin B1 | metabolism if CHO, normal appetite and digestion proper nerve function
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| Deficiency if vitamin B1 | anorexia, indigestion, constipation, berberi, muscle fatigue, and anxiety. Tea and raw fish destroy 50% of thiamine.
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| toxicity of vitamin B1 | unknown
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| food sources of vitamin B1 | whole grains, liver, pork, wheat germ, and yeast. (This vitamin is lost in miling process and must be added back. (enriched) to flour required by government)
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| Vitamin B2 | riboflavin
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| Function of vitamin B2 | normal growth, metabolism of protein, healthy mucous membranes
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| deficiency of vitamin B2 | cracking, sores, around mouth and nose, aneroxia, weight loss, difficulty swallowing and visual problems.
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| toxicity if vitamin B2 | unknown
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| food sources of vitamin B2 | whole grains and cerals, milk, liver, and green leafy vegetables. (Foods loose some of their riboflavin if exposed to sunlight)
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| vitamin B3 | niacin
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| function of vitamin B3 | normal growth, healthy skin, normal appetite and digestion, can be taken to lower cholesterol
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| deficiency of vitamin B3 | pellagra-3 D's (Dermaitis, diarrhea, dementia)
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| toxicity of vitamin B3 | hot flashes, liver disorders
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| food sources of vitamin B3 | enriched breads, fish, turkey, beef, legumes
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| vitamin B5 | pantothenic acid
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| function of vitamin B3 | cellular metabolism needed to manufracture adrenal hormones and chemical needed to regulate nerve function. May slow aging process.
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| deficiency of vitamin B3 | unlikely
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| toxicity if vitamin B3 | may increase the need for thiamine
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| food sources of vitamin B3 | animal tissue, whole grain cerals and legumes, and is manufactured by intestinal bacteria.
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| B6 | Pyridoxine
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| Function of B6 | protein metabolism, RBC formaction, nerve and brain function, helps manufacture antibidies and MAY relieve PMS symptoms and treat prostate inflammation
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| deficiency of B6 | needs are increased 1. during pregnancy 2. periods of stress 3. if taking birth control pills 4. if taking INH to treat TB 5. Exposure to radiation (cancer treatment)
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| toxicity of B6 | never damage, numbness/tingling in hands and feet and clumsiness
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| food sources of B6 | whole grain cereals, wheat germ, organ meats and potatoes
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| B12 | Cobalamin
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| Function of B12 | essential for RBC's, INTRINSIC FACTOR a gastric secretion necessary for the absorption needed to maintain myelin
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| Deficiency of B12 | pernicious anemia, moodiness, confusion
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| Toxicity of B12 | unknown
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| Food sources of B12 | meak, milk, eggs, cheese, yeast, soy milk for vegetarians. This is the only water soluble vitamin stored in the liver
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| The only water soluble Vitamin stored in the liver? | B12
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| Function of biotin | metabolism of glucose and fatty acids and normal body chemistry
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| deficiency of biotin | rare except in infants or adults on long term TPN
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| toxicity of biotin | unknown
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| food sources of biotin | liver, kidney, egg yolk, tomatoes.
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| Folic Acid | Folate
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| function of folic acid | essential part of all body cells, part of DNA, cell renewal and growth.
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| Deficiency of folic acid | neural tube defects, anemia, bleeding gums, diarrhea, weight loss
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| toxicity if folic acid | can cause seziures in epileptics
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| food sources of folic acid | liver, dark green leaft vegetables, Beans, oranges, cantaloupe and asparagus
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| calcium | must have vitamin D for absorption, need most calcium in childhood, pregnancy and lactation
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| function of calcium | strong bones and teeth, blood clotting, muscle function, heart action, nerve transmission
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| deficiency of calcium | muscle tetany, rickets in children, osteoporosis in adults
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| toxicity of calcium | kidney stones, calcium deposits in muscle tissue
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| food sources of calcium | milk, cheese, dark green leafy vegetables, whole grain, and egg yolk
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| function of phosphorus | strong bones and teeth, metabolism, maintain acid-base balance
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| deficiency of phosphorus | bone loss, poor growth
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| toxicity of phosphorus | hinders body's ability to absorb calcium
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| food sources of phosphorus | carbonated soft drinks, milk cheese, meat, egg yolk
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| function of sodium | maintains extracellular water balance, nerve and muscle function
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| deficiency of sodium | weakness, nerve disorders, muscle cramps, loss of weight due to loss of water
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| toxicity of sodium | water retention, thirst
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| food sources of sodium | cured meats, canned and processed foods, cheese, table salt, baking powder
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| function of potassium | normal muscle function, especially the heart, acid-base balance and fluid balance
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| deficiency of potassium | muscle weakness, cardiac arrhythmias and is assoicated with diuretic therapy
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| toxicity of potassium | nausea, diarrhea, arrhythmias
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| food sources of potassium | potatoes, oranges, banana's, whole grain cereals, dried peas, beans and instant coffee
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| function of magnesium | formation of bones and teeth trasmission of nerve impulses
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| deficiency of magnesium | muscle weakness, twitching, cardiac arrythmias
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| toxicity of magnesium | nervous system disorders, can be fatal to kidney pts
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| food sources of magnesium | whole grains, nuts, milk, meat
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| function of chlorine | maintain acid-base balance, aids in digestion (gastric hydrochloric acid)
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| deficiency of chlorine | unknown
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| toxicity of chlorine | gastric upset--reflux
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| food sources of chlorine | table salt
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| function of sulfa | essential part of cell protein, hair skin, nails
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| deficiency of sulfa | unknown
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| toxicity of sulfa | unknown
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| food sources of sulfa | animal protein, meat, milk, cheese, eggs
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| function on iron | essential for making hemoglobin-the red part of blood that carries oxygen to the cells
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| deficiency of iron | Iron deficiency enemia-
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| toxicity of iron | toxic buildup in liver and pancreas
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| food sources of iron | liver, organ meats, whole grains, and green vegetables
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| function of iodine | essential for the proper function of thyroid glad
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| deficiency of iodine | goiter, hyperthyroidism, cretinism
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| toxicity of iodine | hyperthyroidism
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| food sources of iodine | iodized salt and seafood
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| function of zinc | aids in digestion, helps with insulin function, would healing, sense of taste and smell
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| deficiency of zinc | diarrhea, skin rash, impaired sense of taste
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| toxicity of zinc | rare
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| food sources of zinc | shellfish, oysters, meats, milk, egg, whole grain
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| function of copper | must be present for iron to make RBC's
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| deficiency of copper | iron deficiency enemia
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| toxicity of copper | rare
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| food sources of copper | liver, seafood, whole grains, legumes, nuts,
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| function chromium | metabolism of glucose
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| deficiency of chromium | possible link to cardiovascular disease and diabetes
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| toxicity of chromium | unknown
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| food sources of chromium | whole grains, and cerals
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| function of fluoride | strong bones and teeth, helps prevent dental carries, and prevent osteoporosis
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| deficiency of fluoride | dental carries
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| toxicity if fluoride | too much in water supply, discolortaion of teeth turns them brown
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| food sources of fluoride | fluoridated water, fish, tea, eggs
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