Skin: The Integumentary System
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| integumentary system | Makes up the outer covering of the body, serves many important functions beyond appearance.
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| sabaceous glands | Also known as OIL GLANDS, secrete sebum(oil) which lubricates the skin and discourages the growth of bacteria on the skin.
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| sweat glands | Help regulate body temperature and water content by secreting sweat.
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| hair | Fibers are rodlike structures composed of tightly fused, dead protein cells filled with hard keratin. Helps control the loss of body heat.
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| nail | Also known as UNGUIS, protect the dorsal surface of the last bone of each toe and finger.
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| derma/cutaneous | Used to describe the skin.
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| epithelial tissues | Form a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body.
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| epidermis | Is the outermost layer of the skin, is made up of several specialized epithelial tissues.
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| squamous epithelial tissue | Forms the upper layer, consists of flat, scaly cells that are continuouly sloughed off(shed).
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| squamous | Scalelike
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| keratin | Is a fibrous, water-repellent protein.
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| melanin | Brown to black pigment that helps protects the skin against some of the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun.
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| ultraviolet(UV) | Refers to light that is beyond the visible spectrum at the violet end.
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| dermis | Also known as the CORIUM, is the thick layer of living tissue directly below the epidermis.
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| tactile | Pertaining to touch.
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| perception | Is the ability to recognize sensory stimulus.
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| collagen | Which means glue, is a tough, yet flexible, fibrous protein material.
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| mast cells | Are found in the connective tissue of the drmis, respond to injury or infection by producing and releasing substance including heparin and histamine.
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| heparin | Is released in response to injury, is an anticoagulant.
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| histamine | Is released in response to allergens, causes itching and increased mucus secretion.
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| subcutaneous layer | Located just below the skin, connects the skin to the surface muscles.
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| adipose | Means fat.
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| cellulite | Is nontechnical term for the subcutaneous deposit of fat, especially in the thighs and buttocks.
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| lipocytes | Also known as FAT CELLS, are prodominant in the subcutaneous layer, where they manufacture and store large quantities of fat.
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| sebaceous glands | Are located in the dermis layer of the skin and are closely associated with hair follicles.
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| sebum | Is released through ducts opening into the hair follicles.
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| mammary glands | Are modified sebaceous glands, are often classified with the integumentary system.
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| sweat glands | Are tiny, coiled glands found on almost all body surfaces.
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| sweat | Also known as PERSPIRATION, is secreted by sweat glands and is made up of 99 percent water plus some salt and metabolic waste products.
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| pespiring | Is a means of excreting excess water. It also cools the body as the sweat evaporates into the air.
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| hidrosis | Means the production and excretion of sweat.
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| hair follicles | The sacs that hold the root of the hair fibers.
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| arretor pili | Also known as the ERECTOR MUSCLES, are tiny muscle fibers attached to the hair follicles that cause the hair to stand erect.
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| nail body | Is translucent, is closely molded to the surface of the underlying tissues.
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| nail bed | Joins the nail body to the underlying connective tissue, nourishes the nail.
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| free edge | Is the portion of the nail not attached to the nail bed, extends beyond the tip of the finger or toe.
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| cuticle | Is a narrow band of epidermis attached to the surface of the nail just in front of the root.
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| lunula | Is a pale half-moone-shaped region at the nail root and is generally found in the thumbnail and in varying degrees in other nails.
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| root | Fastens the nail to the finger or toe by fitting into a groove in the skin.
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| dermatologist | Specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the skin.
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| cosmetic surgeon | Also known as PLASTIC SURGEON, specializes in the surgical restoration and reconstruction of body structures.
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| acne vulgaris | Is a chronic inflammatory disease that is characterized by pustular eruptions of the skin in or near the sebadeous glands.
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| comedo | Is a lesion formed by the buildup of sebum and keratin in a hair follicle.
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| sebaceous cyst | Is a cyst of a sebaceous gland that contains yellow, fatty material.
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| seborrhea | Is any of several common skin conditions in which there is an overproduction of the sebum.
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| seborrheic dermatitis | Is an inflammation of the upper layers of the skin, caused by seborrhea.
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| seborrheic keratosis | Is a benign flesh-colored, borwn, or black skin tumor.
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| anhidrosis | Is the condition of lacking or being without sweat.
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| hyperhidrosis | Is a condition of excessive sweating.
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| diaphoresis | Means profuse, but not necessarily excessive, sweating.
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| miliaria | Also known as HEAT RASH/PRICKLY HEAT, is an inflammation caused by trapped sweat.
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| hirsutism | Means abnormal hairiness.
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| alopecia | Also known as BALDNESS, is the partial or complete loss of hair.
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| alopecia areata | Is an autoimmune disorder in which there are well-defined bald areas, usually on the scalp or face.
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| alopecia capitis totalis | Is an uncommon condition characterized by the loss of all the hair on the scalp.
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| alopecia universalis | Is the total loss of hair on all parts of the body.
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| female pattern baldness | Is a condition in which the hair thins in the front and on the sides and sometimes the crown.
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| male pattern baldness | Is a common hair loss patter in men, with the hairline receding from the front to the back until only a horseshoe-shaped area of hair remains in the back and on the temples.
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| clubbing | Is abnormal curving of the nails that is often accompanied by enlargement of the fingertips.
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| koilonychia | Also known as SPOON NAIL, is a malformation of the nails in which the outer surface is concave or scooped out.
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| onychia | Also known as ONYCHITIS, is an inflammation of the matrix of the nail.
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| onychocryptosis | Means ingrown toenail.
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| onychomycosis | Is any fungal infection of the nail.
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| anychophagia | Means nail biting or nail eating.
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| paronychia | Is an acuter or chronic infection of the skin fold at the margin of a nail.
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| subungual hematoma | Is usually caused by an injury, is a collection of blood trapped in the tissues under a nail.
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| albinism | Is an inherited deficiency or absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes due to abnormality in production of melanin.
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| chloasma | Also known as MELASMA/MASK OF PREGNANCY, is a pigmentation disorder characterized by brownish spots on the face.
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| dyschromia | Is any disorder of the pigmentation of the skin or hair.
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| melanosis | Is any condition of unusual deposits of black pigment in different parts of the body.
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| vitiligo | Is a condition in which a loss of melanocytes results in whitish areas of skin bordered by normally pigmented areas.
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| lesion | Is a pathologic change of the tissues due to disease or injury.
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| contusion | Is an injury that does not break the skin and is characterized by swelling.
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| crust | Is a collection of dried serum and cellular debris.
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| ecchymosis | Also known as BRUISE, is a purplish area caused by hemorrhaging(bleeding) within the skin.
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| macule | Is a discolored, flat spot that is less than 1cm in diameter.
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| nevi | Also known as MOLES, are small dark skin growths that develop from melanocytes in the skin.
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| dysplastic nevi | Atypical moles that may develop into skin cancer.
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| nodule | Is a small, solid bump like a cyst.
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| papule | Is a small, solid, raised skin lesion that is less than 0.5cm in diameter.
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| petachiae | Which are small pinpoint hemorrhages, are smaller versions of ecchymoses(bruises).
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| plaque | Is a solid, raised area of skin that is different from the area around it and greter than 0.5cm in diameter.
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| scale | Is a flaking or dry patch made up of excess dead epidermal cells.
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| verrucae | Also known as WARTS, are skin lesions caused by the human papillomavirus.
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| plantar warts | Develop on the sole of the foot.
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| wheal(WHEEL) | Is a smooth, slightly elevated, swollen area that is redder or paler than the surrounding skin and usually is accompanied by itching.
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| abscess | Is a localized collection of purulen exudate(pus) within a circumscribed area.
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| bulla | Is a large, circumscribed elevation of skin containing fluid that is more than 0.5cm in diameter.
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| cyst | Is a closed sac or pouch containing fluid or semisolid material.
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| pustule | Is a small, circumscribed elevation of the skin containing pus.
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| vesicle | Is a circumscribed elevation of skin containing fluid that is less than 0.5cm in diameter, such as a small blister.
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| abrasion | Is an injury in which superficial layers of skin are scraped or rubbed away.
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| fissure | The skin is a groove or cracklike sore.
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| laceration | Is a torn or jagged wound or an accidental cut.
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| puncture wound | Is a deep hole made by a sharp object such as a nail.
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| ulcer | Is an open sore or erosion of the skin or mucous membrane resulting in tissue loss and usually with inflammation.
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| decubitus ulcer | Also known as PRESSURE ULCER/BEDSORE, is an ulcerated area caused by prolonged pressure that cuts off circulation to the body.
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| port-wine stain | Is a large, reddish purple discolaration of the face or neck.
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| strawberry hemanigioma | This dark, reddish purple growth is a benign tumor made up of newly form blood vessels. Is a soft, raised birthmark.
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| dermatitis | Is an inflammation of the upper layers of skin.
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| contact dermatitis | Is a localized allergic response caused by contact with an irritant or allergen.
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| dermatosis | Is a general term used to denote any skin lesion or group of lesions or eruptions of any type that are not associated with inflammation.
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| eczema | Is an acute or chronic skin inflammation characterized by erythema, papules, visicles, pustules, scales, crusts, scabes, and possibly itching.
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| erythema | Is any redness of the skin such as a nervous blush, inflammation, or mild sunburn.
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| lupus erythematosus | Also known as SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS(SLE), is an autoimmune disorder that is characterized by a red, scaly rash on the face and upper trunk.
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| lipedema | Is an abnormal swelling due to the collection of fat and fluid under the skin, usuall between the calf and ankle.
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| pruritus | Also known as ITCHING, is associated with most forms of dermatitis.
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| psoriasis | Is a chronic autoimmune disorder of the skin characterized by red papules covered with silvery scales that occur predominantly on the elbows, knees, scalp, back, and buttocks.
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| pupura | Is a condition characterized by hemorrhage into the skin that couses spontaneous bruising.
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| rosacea | Is a chronic condition of unknown cause that produces redness, tiny pimples, and broken blood vessels.
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| scleroderm | Is an autoimmune disorder that causes abnormal tissue thickening ususally starting on the hands, feet, or face.
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| urticiaria | Also known as HIVES, is a skin condition characterized by localized areas of swelling accompanied by itching that is associated with an allergic reaction.
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| xeroderma | Is excessivley dry skin.
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| carbuncle | Is a cluster of furuncles(boils) that result in extensive sloughing of skin and scar formation.
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| cellulitis | Is a diffuse infection of connective tissue with severe inflammation within the layers of the skin.
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| diffuse | Means widespread.
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| furuncles | Also known as BOILS, are large tender, swollen, areas caused by staphylococcal infection around the hair follicles.
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| gangrene | Is tissue necrosis(death) that is usually associated with a loss of circulation.
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| putrefaction | Is decay that produces foul-smelling odors.
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| impetigo | Is a highly contagious bacterial skin infection characterized by isolated pustules that become crusted and rupture.
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| tinea | Also known as RINGWORM, is a fungal skin disease affeting different areas of the body.
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| tinea capitis | Is found on the scalps of children.
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| tinea pedis | Also known as althletes food, is found between the toes and on the feet.
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| tinea cruris | Also known as JOCK ITCH, is found in the genital area.
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| dermatomycosis | Also known as TINEA VERSICOLOR, is a fungal infection that causes white to light brown areas on the skin.
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| infestation | Is the dwelling of a parasite on external surface tissue.
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| scabies | Is a skin infection caused by an infestation with the itch mite.
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| pediculosis | Is an infestation with lice.
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| pediculosis capitis | Is an infestation with head lice.
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| pediculosis corporis | Is an infestation with body lice.
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| pediculosis pubis | Is an infestation with lice in the pubic hair and pubic region.
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| callus | Is a thickening of part of the skin on the hands or feet caused by repeated rubbing.
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| clavus/corn | Is a callus in the keratin layer of the skin covering the joints of the toes.
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| cicatrix | Is a normal scar resultin from the healing of a wound.
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| granulation tissue | Normally forms during the healing of a wound to create what will become scar tissue.
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| granuloma | Is a general term used to describe small knotlike swellings of granulation tissue.
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| keloid | Is an abnormally raised or thickened scar that is usually smooth and shiny.
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| keratosis | Is any skin growth, such as a wart or a callus, in which there is overgrowth and thickening of the skin.
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| lipoma | Is a benign fatty deposit under the skin that causes a bump.
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| papilloma | Is a benign epithelial tumor that projects from the surrounding surface.
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| polyp | Is a general term used most commonly to describe a mushroomlike growth from the surface of a mucous membrane, such as a polyp in the nose.
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| rhinophyma | Also known as BULBOUS NOSE, Is hyperplasia(overgrowth) of the tissues of the nose.
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| skin tags | Are small felsh-colored or light brown growths that hang from the body by fine stalks.
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| actinic keratosis | Is a precancerous skin lesion caused by excessive exposure to the sune.
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| basal cell carcinoma | Is a malignant tumor of the basal cell layer of the epidermis.
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| epithelioma | Is a benign or malignant tumor originating in the epidermis that may occur on the skin or mucous membranes.
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| malignant melanoma | Is skin cancer derived from cells capable of forming melanin.
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| squamous cell carcinoma | Begins as a malignant tumor of the squamous cells of the epithelium, but it can quickly spread to the other body systems.
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| burn | Is an injury to body tissues caused by heat, flame, electricity, sun, chemicals, or radiation.
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| biopsy | Is the removal of a small piece of living tissue for examination to confirm or establish a diagnosis.
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| incisional biopsy | A piece, but not all, of the tumor or lesion is removed.
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| excisional biopsy | The entire tumor or lesion and margin of surrounding tissue are removed.
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| needle biopsy | A hollow needle is used to remove a core of tissue for examination.
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| exfoliative cytology | Is a biopsy technique in which cells are scraped from the tissue and examined under a microscope.
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| sunscreen | Blocks out the harmful ultraviolet B(UVB) rays is sometimes measured in terms of the stregth of the sun protection factor(SPF).
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| cauterization | Is the destruction of tissue by burning for therapeutic purposes.
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| curettage | Is the removal of material from the surface by scraping.
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| chmical peel | Also known as CHEMABRASION, is the use of chemicals to remove the outer layers of skin to treat acne scaring, fine wrinkling, and genral keratoses.
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| cryosurgery | Is the destruction or elimination of abnormal tissue cells, such as warts or tumors, through the application of extreme cold, often by using liquid nitrogen.
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| debridement | Is the removal of dirt, foreign objects, damaged tissue, and cellular debris from a wound to prevent infection and to promote healing.
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| dermabrasion | Is a form of abrasio involving the use of revolving wire brushes or sandpaper.
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| incision and drainage(I&D) | Involves incision(cutting open) of a lesion, such as an abscess, and draining the contents.
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| Mohs' chemosurgery | Is the use of a zinc chloride paste to remove recurrent tumors and scarlike basal cell carcinomas, with a minimum of normal tissue loss but complete removal of the tumor.
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| laser | Is an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.
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| rhinophyma | Is treated by using a carbon dioxide laser to reshape the nose by vaporizing the excess tissue.
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| port-wine stain | Is treated using short pulses of laser light to remove the birthmark.
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| tattoos | Are removed by using lasers that target particular colors.
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| blepharoplasty | Also known as a LID LIFT, is the surgical reduction of the upper and lower eyelids.
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| dermatoplasty | Also known as SKIN GRAFT, is the replacement of damaged skin with tissue taken from a donor site on the patient's body.
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| lipectomy | Is the surgical removal of fat beneath the skin.
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| liposuction | Is the surgical removal of fat beneath the skin with the aid of suction.
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| rhytidectomy | Also known as FACELIFT, is the surgical removal of excess skin for the elimination of wrinkles.
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| sclerotherapy | Used in the treatment of spider veins(small veins that can be seen through the skin), involves injecting a sclerosing solution(saline solution)into the ein being treated.
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