Uro
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| What is the body's ability to produce glucose from non-glucose material? | gluconeogenesis
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| What two hormones do the kidneys produce? | renin (inc. BP) and epo (new RBC)
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| What organ produces renin? What does it do? | kidney. Raises BP.
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| What organ produces epo?What does it do? | kidney. Manufactures RBC
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| What is different about the right kidney | lower than the left
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| What sits atop the kidneys | adrenals
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| What are the layers of protective tissues of the kidneys - inner to outermost | fibrous capsule, perirenal fat capsule, renal fascia (dense fibrous)
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| Innermost protective layer of tissue of the kidney | fibrous capsule
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| middle layer of protecdtive tissue of the kidney | perirenal fat capsule
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| outermost layer odf tissue of protective tissue | renal fascia
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| what holds the kidneys in place | renal fascia
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| the renal sinus holds what | the capillaries, lymph vessels, and ureter
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| what cushions the kidney | perirenal fat capsule
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| Where is the urine formed? | renal pyramid (then drains to minor calyx)
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| inflammation of renal pelvis and minor/major calyx? | pyelitis
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| inflammation of the entire kidney | pyelonephritis
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| what is the functional unit of the urinary system | nephron
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| how many nephron would you find in each kidney | 1,000,000 in each
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| When does filtrate change into urine? | when it is dumped into the collecting duct
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| When filtrate leaves the blood where does it go | Bowman's capsule
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| Is filtration from the glomerulus to the bowman's capsule specific? What can/can't get in? | Not specific--- blood and large plasma proteins can't get in
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| 85% or nephrons are what kind | cortical the other 15% are juxtameduallary
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| name the 2 types of nephrons | cortical and juxtamedullary
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| What returns the 'good stuff' to the body | efferent arteriole --> becomes peritubular capillary
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| the vasa recta is a part of what and what is its job | it is a oart of the peritubular capillary. It keeps the kidneys isotonic. It supplies nutrients and O2 iwthinthe medulla in longest loop of Henle. Imperitive in cinserving salt
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| What structure is imperative in conserving salt | vasa recta - 12% solute
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| Once fluid leaves the Bowman's capsule is it called | filtrate
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| what is the pressure in the glomerulus | 55 mg hg
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| what is the osmotic pressure (push out) | 30 mg hg
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| what is the capsular pressure | 15mg hg
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| Where is the 'good stuff' filtered | tubular reabsorption
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| what happend in the first step of urine production (glomerular filtration) | glomerular filtration is non specific
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| what happens in the second step of urine formation | tubular reabsorption separates the good stuff from the bad - reabsorbs good - bad to collecting duct
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| what happens in the third step of urine production - where dies it happen | distal convoluted tubule - H ions and drugs (penn, Pheno) are excreted
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| the higher the glomerular filtration rate--> | the faster the flow into the Bwman's capsule
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| what fine tunes how much urine formation and filtrate is formed? | Glomerular filtration
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| Name the two intrinsic controls of glomerular filtration | myogenic mechanism - glom tries to keep is at 10 mg hg and tubuloglomerular feedback mech. - resp to NaCl concentration in filtrate. When GFR inc, insuff time for NaCl reasborb, macula densa prod ATP, vasodilator, aff. art. constrict, turn off faucet
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| what intrinsic mechanism will raise glomerular hydrostatic pressure | myogenic mechanism - smooth muscle surrounding afferent arterioles-> raise glom. hydrostatic pressure - tries to maintain 10 mg hg
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| What intrinsic control tries to maintain 10 mg hg | myogenic mechanisn
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| what intrinsic control responds to NaCl in filtrate | tubuloglomular feedback mechanism
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| If net filtration decreases, will sodium increase or decrease and what will the macula densa do | If net filtration rate decreases, sodium will decrease and macula densa will turn off production of ATP (vasodilator). Afferent arterioles will dilate and glom will receive more filtrate and more NaCl
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| Name two extrinsic controls | sympathetic (NE and Epi) and renin (angiotensin mech)
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| What happens when we are in an emer? | Ne and epi are released--. afferent arterioles lower amt of blood to glom....decreased filtrate formation--.trips renin angio mech--. stim macula densa
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| what does renin do and where is it formed | kidneys - renin-angiotensin mech. powerful vasoconstrictor;absorb sodium, retain waterm prod of adh, makes thirsty
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| what gets into the bowman's capsule? | everything-except blood and proteins
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| where does most absorption occur? | proximal convoluted tubule
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| what is absorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule | glucose, amino acids, hormone molecules
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| what escapes the descending loop of henle | water
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| what escapes the ascending loop of henle | salt
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| what does the distal convoluted tubule take care of filtering | hydrogen ions, potassium ions, immonium ions, creatinine, penn, pheno
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| What are the layers of the ureters | mucose, musularis, and adventitia
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| What is the most abundant extracellular anion | chlorine Cl-
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| What is the most abundant extracellular cation | NaCl sodium
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| What is the most abundant intracellular cation | potassium K+
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| What is the most abundant anion | anionic protein A-
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| The most abundant cellular cation | calcium
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| kidnys filter how much filtrate a day | 200 liters
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| what is the major excretory organ | kidneys
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| ***kidneys do what three things -produce/met | produce epo, renin and metaboilze vit D to active form
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| Urinary system includes | ureters, kidneys, bladder and urethra
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| 3 layers of Supportive tissue of kidney | fibrous capsule, perirenal fat capsule and renal fascia
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| how many lobes does the kidney have | 8
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| where are the renal pyramids found | renal medulla
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| what collects urine | calyces
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| what drains urine, emptying it into renal pelvis | papillae
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| what forms urine | nephrons
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| how does urine reach the urethra | peristalsis
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| What is the structural and functional unit of the kidney | nephron
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| parietal layer of the bowman's capsule is made of | simple squamous epi - for easy osmosis
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| podocytes are found of what layer of the bowman's capsule | visceral layer
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| proximal convulted tubule are made of | cuboidal epithelial
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| Loop of Henli is made of | thin - simp squam; thick - cuboidal
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| cortical nephrons make up what percentage of nephrons in the kidney | 85%
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| what feeds the glomerulus | afferent arteriole, efferent drains it
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| peritubule captillaries arise from what | efferent arteriole draining glomeruli
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| what forms concentrated urine | vasa recta
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| what produces filtrate | glomerulus
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| how many capillary beds are there what separates them | two - efferent arteriole
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| group of chemoreceptors in the loop of Henle that respond to changes in the NaCl concentration of filtrate | macula densa
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| Is glomerular filtration passive or active | passive - no ATP
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| forces fluid and solutes thru membrane | hydrostatic pressure in glomerular filtration
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| What cells release rennin | granular cells
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| PTH acts on | ca
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| aldosterone works on | Na+
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| ADH works on | water (filtrate)
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| What must the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct must be influenced by what hormone in order to be permeable to water | ADH
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| distal convoluter tubule will absorb what | Na and Cl
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| If you have high extracellular fluid you would be ocncerned about what and what would be released by the adrenal cortex | hperkalemia-->the adrenal cortex would release aldosterone - renin/andiotensin mechanism - targets collecting ducts to open
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| aldosterone targets the collecting ducts to | open - conserve Na+
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| atrial naturic peptide | reduces BP, decreases blood volume
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| Tubular secretion releases what | H+, K, NH4+, creatinine, and organic acids (both filtered and excreted substances)
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| filtrate loses ___ but not ___ | salt, but not water; so it becomes increasingly dilute at DCT it reaches 100 Osms
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| What prevents against rapid removal of salt | vasa recta
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| inhibits urine output | ADH, produces concentrated urine
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| If you sweat or become dehydrated you will produce what hormone and will produce what kind of urine | ADH - concentrated
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| Urine is slightly base/acidic | acidic - pH 6
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| Specific gravity of urine is | 1
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| Ureter wall three layers | mucosa, muscularis, adventitia
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| bladder's 3 layers | mucosa, detrusor muscle, adventitia
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| mucosal lining of urethra is made of | pseudostratified columnar epithelium --->becomes transitional
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| contraction of internal urethral sphincter does what | opens it - relaxation of int. ure. sphincter shuts it
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| young adults are what % water | 50%
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| Infants are what % water | 73% - low bone mass
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| Healthy young man is what % water | 60%
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| Electrolytes come about by what process | ionization
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| what do we call the water loss when we swet all the time and don't know it and breath vapor from exhalation | insensible water loss
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| what is sensible water loss | urine formation
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| what is between the renal pyramids and communicates betweenthe medlla and the cortex | renal columns
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| what supplies blood to the kidneys | renal arteries
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| where does glomerular filtration take place | between glomerulus and Bowman's capsule
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| Sympathetic nervous sys slows/speeds urine formation | slows
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| where does most reabsorption occur | proximal convoluted tubule
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| where does tubular secretion happen and what happens there | distal convoluted tubule -0 penn, phenobarbitol, excess H+, ammonium ions, adn potassium ions
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| Does ADH get rid of or conserve water | conserve
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| thirsst center is in the | hypothalamus
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| water formed when you burn glucose for energy | water of oxidation
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| need to make urine whether hurt or thirsty | obligatory water loss
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| low fluid intake , hypothalamus wil prod | ADH so kidtubules will reabsorb H2O
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| high fluid intake, hypothalamus will | turn off ASH prod, tubules less permeable, H2O excreted in urine
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| hypotonic hydration has same s/s as | hyponatremia
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