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Final
Uro
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the body's ability to produce glucose from non-glucose material? | gluconeogenesis |
| What two hormones do the kidneys produce? | renin (inc. BP) and epo (new RBC) |
| What organ produces renin? What does it do? | kidney. Raises BP. |
| What organ produces epo?What does it do? | kidney. Manufactures RBC |
| What is different about the right kidney | lower than the left |
| What sits atop the kidneys | adrenals |
| What are the layers of protective tissues of the kidneys - inner to outermost | fibrous capsule, perirenal fat capsule, renal fascia (dense fibrous) |
| Innermost protective layer of tissue of the kidney | fibrous capsule |
| middle layer of protecdtive tissue of the kidney | perirenal fat capsule |
| outermost layer odf tissue of protective tissue | renal fascia |
| what holds the kidneys in place | renal fascia |
| the renal sinus holds what | the capillaries, lymph vessels, and ureter |
| what cushions the kidney | perirenal fat capsule |
| Where is the urine formed? | renal pyramid (then drains to minor calyx) |
| inflammation of renal pelvis and minor/major calyx? | pyelitis |
| inflammation of the entire kidney | pyelonephritis |
| what is the functional unit of the urinary system | nephron |
| how many nephron would you find in each kidney | 1,000,000 in each |
| When does filtrate change into urine? | when it is dumped into the collecting duct |
| When filtrate leaves the blood where does it go | Bowman's capsule |
| Is filtration from the glomerulus to the bowman's capsule specific? What can/can't get in? | Not specific--- blood and large plasma proteins can't get in |
| 85% or nephrons are what kind | cortical the other 15% are juxtameduallary |
| name the 2 types of nephrons | cortical and juxtamedullary |
| What returns the 'good stuff' to the body | efferent arteriole --> becomes peritubular capillary |
| the vasa recta is a part of what and what is its job | it is a oart of the peritubular capillary. It keeps the kidneys isotonic. It supplies nutrients and O2 iwthinthe medulla in longest loop of Henle. Imperitive in cinserving salt |
| What structure is imperative in conserving salt | vasa recta - 12% solute |
| Once fluid leaves the Bowman's capsule is it called | filtrate |
| what is the pressure in the glomerulus | 55 mg hg |
| what is the osmotic pressure (push out) | 30 mg hg |
| what is the capsular pressure | 15mg hg |
| Where is the 'good stuff' filtered | tubular reabsorption |
| what happend in the first step of urine production (glomerular filtration) | glomerular filtration is non specific |
| what happens in the second step of urine formation | tubular reabsorption separates the good stuff from the bad - reabsorbs good - bad to collecting duct |
| what happens in the third step of urine production - where dies it happen | distal convoluted tubule - H ions and drugs (penn, Pheno) are excreted |
| the higher the glomerular filtration rate--> | the faster the flow into the Bwman's capsule |
| what fine tunes how much urine formation and filtrate is formed? | Glomerular filtration |
| Name the two intrinsic controls of glomerular filtration | myogenic mechanism - glom tries to keep is at 10 mg hg and tubuloglomerular feedback mech. - resp to NaCl concentration in filtrate. When GFR inc, insuff time for NaCl reasborb, macula densa prod ATP, vasodilator, aff. art. constrict, turn off faucet |
| what intrinsic mechanism will raise glomerular hydrostatic pressure | myogenic mechanism - smooth muscle surrounding afferent arterioles-> raise glom. hydrostatic pressure - tries to maintain 10 mg hg |
| What intrinsic control tries to maintain 10 mg hg | myogenic mechanisn |
| what intrinsic control responds to NaCl in filtrate | tubuloglomular feedback mechanism |
| If net filtration decreases, will sodium increase or decrease and what will the macula densa do | If net filtration rate decreases, sodium will decrease and macula densa will turn off production of ATP (vasodilator). Afferent arterioles will dilate and glom will receive more filtrate and more NaCl |
| Name two extrinsic controls | sympathetic (NE and Epi) and renin (angiotensin mech) |
| What happens when we are in an emer? | Ne and epi are released--. afferent arterioles lower amt of blood to glom....decreased filtrate formation--.trips renin angio mech--. stim macula densa |
| what does renin do and where is it formed | kidneys - renin-angiotensin mech. powerful vasoconstrictor;absorb sodium, retain waterm prod of adh, makes thirsty |
| what gets into the bowman's capsule? | everything-except blood and proteins |
| where does most absorption occur? | proximal convoluted tubule |
| what is absorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule | glucose, amino acids, hormone molecules |
| what escapes the descending loop of henle | water |
| what escapes the ascending loop of henle | salt |
| what does the distal convoluted tubule take care of filtering | hydrogen ions, potassium ions, immonium ions, creatinine, penn, pheno |
| What are the layers of the ureters | mucose, musularis, and adventitia |
| What is the most abundant extracellular anion | chlorine Cl- |
| What is the most abundant extracellular cation | NaCl sodium |
| What is the most abundant intracellular cation | potassium K+ |
| What is the most abundant anion | anionic protein A- |
| The most abundant cellular cation | calcium |
| kidnys filter how much filtrate a day | 200 liters |
| what is the major excretory organ | kidneys |
| ***kidneys do what three things -produce/met | produce epo, renin and metaboilze vit D to active form |
| Urinary system includes | ureters, kidneys, bladder and urethra |
| 3 layers of Supportive tissue of kidney | fibrous capsule, perirenal fat capsule and renal fascia |
| how many lobes does the kidney have | 8 |
| where are the renal pyramids found | renal medulla |
| what collects urine | calyces |
| what drains urine, emptying it into renal pelvis | papillae |
| what forms urine | nephrons |
| how does urine reach the urethra | peristalsis |
| What is the structural and functional unit of the kidney | nephron |
| parietal layer of the bowman's capsule is made of | simple squamous epi - for easy osmosis |
| podocytes are found of what layer of the bowman's capsule | visceral layer |
| proximal convulted tubule are made of | cuboidal epithelial |
| Loop of Henli is made of | thin - simp squam; thick - cuboidal |
| cortical nephrons make up what percentage of nephrons in the kidney | 85% |
| what feeds the glomerulus | afferent arteriole, efferent drains it |
| peritubule captillaries arise from what | efferent arteriole draining glomeruli |
| what forms concentrated urine | vasa recta |
| what produces filtrate | glomerulus |
| how many capillary beds are there what separates them | two - efferent arteriole |
| group of chemoreceptors in the loop of Henle that respond to changes in the NaCl concentration of filtrate | macula densa |
| Is glomerular filtration passive or active | passive - no ATP |
| forces fluid and solutes thru membrane | hydrostatic pressure in glomerular filtration |
| What cells release rennin | granular cells |
| PTH acts on | ca |
| aldosterone works on | Na+ |
| ADH works on | water (filtrate) |
| What must the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct must be influenced by what hormone in order to be permeable to water | ADH |
| distal convoluter tubule will absorb what | Na and Cl |
| If you have high extracellular fluid you would be ocncerned about what and what would be released by the adrenal cortex | hperkalemia-->the adrenal cortex would release aldosterone - renin/andiotensin mechanism - targets collecting ducts to open |
| aldosterone targets the collecting ducts to | open - conserve Na+ |
| atrial naturic peptide | reduces BP, decreases blood volume |
| Tubular secretion releases what | H+, K, NH4+, creatinine, and organic acids (both filtered and excreted substances) |
| filtrate loses ___ but not ___ | salt, but not water; so it becomes increasingly dilute at DCT it reaches 100 Osms |
| What prevents against rapid removal of salt | vasa recta |
| inhibits urine output | ADH, produces concentrated urine |
| If you sweat or become dehydrated you will produce what hormone and will produce what kind of urine | ADH - concentrated |
| Urine is slightly base/acidic | acidic - pH 6 |
| Specific gravity of urine is | 1 |
| Ureter wall three layers | mucosa, muscularis, adventitia |
| bladder's 3 layers | mucosa, detrusor muscle, adventitia |
| mucosal lining of urethra is made of | pseudostratified columnar epithelium --->becomes transitional |
| contraction of internal urethral sphincter does what | opens it - relaxation of int. ure. sphincter shuts it |
| young adults are what % water | 50% |
| Infants are what % water | 73% - low bone mass |
| Healthy young man is what % water | 60% |
| Electrolytes come about by what process | ionization |
| what do we call the water loss when we swet all the time and don't know it and breath vapor from exhalation | insensible water loss |
| what is sensible water loss | urine formation |
| what is between the renal pyramids and communicates betweenthe medlla and the cortex | renal columns |
| what supplies blood to the kidneys | renal arteries |
| where does glomerular filtration take place | between glomerulus and Bowman's capsule |
| Sympathetic nervous sys slows/speeds urine formation | slows |
| where does most reabsorption occur | proximal convoluted tubule |
| where does tubular secretion happen and what happens there | distal convoluted tubule -0 penn, phenobarbitol, excess H+, ammonium ions, adn potassium ions |
| Does ADH get rid of or conserve water | conserve |
| thirsst center is in the | hypothalamus |
| water formed when you burn glucose for energy | water of oxidation |
| need to make urine whether hurt or thirsty | obligatory water loss |
| low fluid intake , hypothalamus wil prod | ADH so kidtubules will reabsorb H2O |
| high fluid intake, hypothalamus will | turn off ASH prod, tubules less permeable, H2O excreted in urine |
| hypotonic hydration has same s/s as | hyponatremia |
Created by:
MamaMia