Earthquakes & the Interior of the Earth
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| General description of internal forces | Solids cohere together, earthquakes are produced by the rapid release of elastic energy stored in rock that has been deformed by differential stress.
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| Description of cohesive force | Holds molecules together, exists between 2 sides of a fault, stress must be large enough for earthquake to overcome this
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| What are the interior layers of the earth? | From inside: Inner core, outer core, mantle, crust
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| Moho discontinuity? | Actual boundary between crust & mantle, separates both oceanic crust and continental crust from underlying mantle
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| Shadow zone? | Area void of seismic waves, S-waves do not go through outer core because it is liquid, seismographs cannot detect an earthquake after its seismic waves have passed through the Earth, refracted by liquid
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| Liquefaction? | Unconsolidated materials are saturated with water- earthquake vibrations can turn stable soil into a mobile fluid
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| Sand geysers? | Indication of liquefaction
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| Intensity of earthquake | Degree of shaking at a given locale based on observations
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| Magnitude? | Data from seismic records show amount of energy released
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| Seismograms | Drawings of seismic activity, record obtained from seismograph
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| Richter scale | Logarithmic scale based on powers of 10
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| Moment magnitude scale | More accurate than Richter scale because it measures total energy released
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| Mercalli scale | Scale based on roman numerals 1-12, eyewitness reports
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| Surface waves? | Stay at surface
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| P-wave | Body wave, travels through solids liquids & gases, first wave to show up, push-pull/compressional wave, push-squeeze then pull-stretch in direction of wave, represents volume
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| S-wave | Second wave to show up, does not go through liquid, if S-wave takes a long time to show up after P-wave then epicenter is father, represents shape
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| L-wave | Love wave, surface wave, fastest surface wave, moves the ground from side-to-side, confined to the surface of the crust, horizontal movement
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| Rayleigh wave | Rolls along the ground just like a wave rolls across a lake or an ocean, moves the ground up and down, and side-to-side in the same direction that the wave is moving, surface wave
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| Focus? | Point of breakage deep in earth, origin of an earthquake
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| Epicenter? | Most energy of an earthquake, point at surface directly above focus
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| Time-path | The amount of time that it takes for a seismic wave to pass through the earth is dependent on the material that it encounters along its path, seismic waves travel faster through denser/solid material
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| Triangulation | A method of determining the direction of an earthquake and precise location, 3 arcs merging to show epicenter
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| Seismographs | Instruments that record earthquake waves
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| Seismology | Study of seismic activity and earthquake waves
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| Seismic wave | Massive amount of energy released during an earthquake
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| Tsunami | Japanese word for a seismic sea wave, subduction zone earthquake that happens beneath the ocean and creates destructive waves, deep wave wave, water recedes when trough (low area) lands first
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| Precautions during a tsunami | Small room like a closet with door frame, get away from glass or anything that can fall on you, stay in car if you are in traffic
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| Historical earthquakes | 1)San Francisco 1906, 2)New Madrid Missouri 1811-1812
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| Earthquake belts | 1)Circum-Pacific "Ring of Fire" = biggest, 2)Mid-Atlantic ridge, 3)Alpine-Himalayan (Alpide)
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| Local causes of earthquake activity? | Volcano- earthquakes cause vibration
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| Normal fault | Tensional force (pulling apart), Downblock going down
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| Reverse fault | Compressional force(pushing together), Upblock going up leaving a hanging wall
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| Thrust fault | Downblock going down at an angle and upblock stays the same
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| Lateral fault | Both blocks traveling opposite directions but side by side
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| Horst and graben topography | Horst=high point, graben=valley, zigzag pattern
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| Hanging wall | Hanging wall block is always above the fault plane or resting/hanging on top of the foot wall block
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| Foot wall | Foot wall block is always below the fault plane and is shaped like a foot
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| Density of crust | Sedimentary rock = 2.5g/cm3 (continental and least dense), Granitic rock = 2.7g/cm3 (continental and least dense), Basalt = 3g/cm3 (ocean floor), Mantle = 3.3g/cm3 (most dense)
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| Rock structures | Position of rock layers
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| Top layer is | Youngest
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| Bottom layer is | Oldest
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| Name of space between rock layers | Bedding plane
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| Type of structure based on: | 1)Amount of force applied, 2)Rate of force applied, 3)Kind of rock acted upon
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| Surface v Deep Pressure | Surface breaks but deep pressure bends, Deep pressure causes material to bend due to uniform pressure and also hotter temperature
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| Fracture | Any break or rupture in rock along which no appreciable movement has taken place
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| Fault | A break in rock mass along which movement has occurred
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| Anticline | A fold in sedimentary strata that resembles an arch
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| Syncline | A linear downfold in sedimentary strata and the opposite of anticline
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| Elastic body? | Can change shape or volume but recovers to original shape when force is removed like a rubber band
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| Elastic limit? | Breaking point
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| Foreshocks | Small earthquakes that precede a major earthquake
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| Aftershocks | Small tremors that follow an earthquake
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| Tension (force) | Going apart
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| Compression (force) | Coming together
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| Shearing (force) | Scissor-like movement and rocks twisted
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| Buoyancy (force) | Upward force
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| Isostacy | State of balance
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| Density of rocks: | LEAST Sedimentary rock- igneous rock- basalt- mantle MOST
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