APUSH Unit 4 Test Review
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| What were two other names for the Jacksonian Democracy? | Rise of the Common Man & Mass Democracy
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| What were the three characteristics of Jacksonian Democracy? | political & social democracy, rapid expansion of the West, president as representative of all the people
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| What was the example of political democracy during Jackson's presidency? | universal manhood suffrage - vote to all men regardless of property
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| What was the example of social democracy during Jackson's presidency? | decline of deference - power of opinion in the hands of common man
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| What did Jackson set up to deal with the BUS? | wildcat banks/"pet banks" - lots of speculation
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| How did Jackson contribute to the boom/bust economy during his presidency? | put all the money from the BUS into "pet banks" without the constitutional authority to do so - censured by the Senate
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| What two events resulted from the "pet banks"? | Bank War & Panic of 1837
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| What court case was associated with the Trail of Tears and what did it state? | Worcestor vs. Georgia - in favor of Cherokee
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| What was the Trail of Tears? | Cherokee forced to move to OK
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| What was Jackson's view of the presidency? | emphasizes leadership of the executive branch in the interests of the people - increases presidential power
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| How did Jackson defy the other two branches of government? | freely vetoed congressional bills (12 vetoes) & feuded openly with the Supreme Court (ignored SC ruling in Cherokee case)
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| What was Jackson's greatest legacy? | solving the Nullification Crisis of 1832 without a Civil War
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| What are the dates for the Age of Jackson? | 1828-1840
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| What was Jackson's reform regarding the selection of presidential candidates? | national convention attended by state delegates was used instead of the state legislatures
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| What was Jackson's reform regarding the election of the president? | popular vote instead of state legislatures - overall increase in number of elected officials
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| What was the Spoils System? | repayment of political debts by appointment of "friends" to office
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| What was one of the main economic aspects of Jacksonian Democracy? | gap b/w rich and poor widens in NE due to early industrialization
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| What were the causes of the Panic of 1837? | excessive western land speculation, destruction of 2nd BUS, wheat failures due to the "Hessian fly", British bank failures
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| Who were the candidates for the Election of 1824? | Jackson (most popular), JQ Adams, Crawford, Clay
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| What was the Corrupt Bargain? | JQ Adams won the Election of 1824 due to Clay's efforts even though Jackson was more popular
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| What was the Tariff of Abominations? | tariff put on imported goods to promote industry in the North
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| What was the significance of John C. Calhoun and the South Carolina Exposition & Protest? | Nullification Crisis - state can deem a federal law unconstitutional
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| What was the significance of "concurrent majority"? | set up to prevent the tyranny of the majority
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| What was the significance of Daniel Webster and the "Perpetual Union" Theory? | states cannot secede from the Union - rebutted the ideas of Hayne
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| Which two parties comprised the Second Party System? | Whigs & Democrats
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| Who was the leader of the Second Great Awakening? | Charles Finney - evangelical revivalist
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| What were the views of the Unitarians on the Second Great Awakening? | did not support it at all
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| Who were the most influential in the NE during the Second Great Awakening? | Presbyterians & Congregationalists
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| What was the significance of the Temperance Movement? | alcohol prohibition
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| What were the duties of women in the Cult of True Womanhood? | piety, purity, submission, domesticity
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| The Cult of True Womanhood was not __________. | inquisitive
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| Who was Horace Mann? | father of education - promoted public schools
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| What were the McGuffey readers? | textbooks of the day
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| What were the ideas of Cesare Beccaria? | "prison reform is better than capital punishment"
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| Who was Dorothea Dix? | established a prison asylum
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| What major movement was linked to abolitionism? | Women's Rights Movement
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| Who were the major leaders in the Women's Rights Movement? | Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony
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| What was the Seneca Falls Convention? | launched Women's Rights Movement, women gathered to declare their rights
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| Who was the advocate for utopian socialism and where was his utopian society? | Robert Owen - New Harmony, IN
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| Who was Charles Fourier? | French advocate of utopian socialism
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| What was the society set up by John Humphrey Noyes? | Oneida Community
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| Who began the Mormon religion? | Joseph Smith
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| What did Brigham Young do? | sent the Mormons to Utah
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| What did Mother Ann Lee do? | created the Shakers society
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| Who were the two major advocates of transcendentalism? | Ralph Waldo Emerson & Henry David Thoreau
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| What did Ralph Waldo Emerson write? | essay on self reliance
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| What did Henry David Thoreau write? | Walden
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| What did Alexis deTocqueville write? | Democracy in America
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| What did Democracy in America address? | Tyranny of the Majority & the American Paradox
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| wrote "The American Scholar" & "Self Reliance" | Ralph Waldo Emerson
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| wrote Walden & "Civil Disobedience" | Henry David Thoreau
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| established the Oneida Community | John Humphrey Noyes
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| worshiped by the Shakers as the female incarnation of God | Ann Lee
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| French advocate of "Phalanxes" | Charles Fourier
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| founded New Harmony | Robert Owen
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| greatest revivalist of the Second Great Awakening | Charles Finney
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| "father" of the Public School Movement | Horace Mann
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| author of famous reader used by school children in the 19th century | William McGuffey
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| Italian who wrote for prison reform & against capital punishment | Cessare Becarria
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| argued for separate asylums for the mentally ill | Dorthea Dix
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| for women's suffrage, refused to include "obey" in marriage vows | Elizabeth Cady Stanton
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| Quaker who helped organize the Seneca Falls Convention | Lucretia Mott
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| founder of the Mormons | Joseph Smith
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| led the Mormons to Utah | Brigham Young
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| wrote Democracy in America | Alexis de Tocqueville
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| best example of a successful Fourier Phalanx | North American Phalanx
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| followers of a Calvinistic Baptist minister who taught that the 2nd coming of Christ would come in 1844 | Millerites
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| taught that God had one been a man and that all men can become divine | Mormonism
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| % of schoolchildren in this area about 70% | North
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| % of schoolchildren in this area bout 33% | South
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| first of the new penitentiaries or criminal asylums in 1821 | Auburn, NY
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| first of the new mental asylums established in 1833 | Worcester, MA
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| forbade sale of intoxicating beverages | Maine Law of 1851
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| site of the first women's rights convention | Seneca Falls, NY
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| female editor of Godey's Ladies Book | Sarah Josepha Hale
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| opened the first school for pupils with hearing impediments | Thomas Gallaudet
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| believed to contribute to moral regeneration of the inmate | solitary confinement
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| influential Unitarian minister | William Ellery Channing
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| What was the origin of the Reform Movement? | restoring order to a society made disorderly by economic & social change - growth of industry & cities
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| What was the purpose of the Reform Movement? | impose moral direction on these social, cultural, & economic changes through individual & institutional reform
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| Where was the Reform Movement centered? | in da North
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| What was the prime motivating source behind reform? | religion - Protestants & Christians
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| What are the characteristics of reform? | change for the better, gradually, partially, peacefully
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| What are the characteristics of revolution? | entire system must go, NOW, violence is justified
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| What are the prerequisites for reform? | system that allows reform, belief that reform is possible
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| What are the prerequisites for revolution? | oppressing system that tolerates no opposition, belief that reform is not possible
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| How did urbanization & industrialization lead to the rise of reform movements? | industrialization & urbanization much more pronounced in the North before Civil War --> reform movements
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| How did the emergence of public schools contribute to reform movements? | must be able to read signs, papers, etc.
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| How did the prominence of the mentally ill & criminals contribute to reform movements? | more in a city - more asylums & prison reforms
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| How did the desire for women's rights contribute to the reform movement? | middle/upper class that are educated demand equal rights
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| What were the other causes of the reform movements? | Jacksonian Democracy & Second Great Awakening
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| Who led the Democratic Party? | Martin van Buren
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| Who comprised the Democratic Party? | small property owners, wage earners, small southern planters, some businessmen
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| Who founded the Democratic Party? | Jackson
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| What were the principles of the Democratic Party? | broadened suffrage, opposition of the BUS, territorial expansion, advocacy of free competition, pro-slavery, states' rights, strict constitution
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| Were the Whigs Catholic? | NO
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| Who founded the Whigs? | Clay & Webster
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| Who comprised the Whigs? | commercial, banking, business interests, large southern planters, western farmers
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| What were the principles of the Whigs? | BUS, high tariff, internal improvements, conservatism, national power, loose construction, anti-slavery, anti-expansionist
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| Which party, Whigs or Democrats, was more united? | Democrats
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| Which party was comprised more of the evangelical Protestants? | Whigs
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| Which party attended more of a ritualized service? | Democrats
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| Which party favored classes who enjoued traditional amusements that were condemned by the moral reformers? | Democrats
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| Which party advocated smaller cities devoted to market farming? | Whigs
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| Which party restrained individualism and enforced values derived from Puritan tradition? | Whigs
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| Who was the leading advocate of Manifest Destiny? | James Polk
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| What was the goal of Manifest Destiny? | extend democracy, future need for land, God destined it, racism against Indians & Mexicans
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| Which states comprised the Mexican Southwest? | NM & CA
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| What is the significance of the Oregon Territory? | Oregon Trail, "54 40 or fight" (wanted ALL of Oregon), ceded by Britain
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| What were the sources of tension regarding the annexation of Texas? | religion, slavery, & province within Mexico
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| Why did the Whigs turn against John Tyler? | he opposed the entire Whig legislature program
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| When was the Mexican War? | 1846-1848
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| What was the cause of the Mexican War? | US wanted CA, NM, etc & border dispute (Nueces vs. Rio Grande) of Texas, Mexican failure to pay debts to US for damages
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| Which general "started" the Mexican War? | Zachary Taylor
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| What was the most famous battle of the Mexican War? | Battle of Buena Vista
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| What ended the Mexican War? | Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
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| What were the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo? | Mexican Cession - reopens slave vs. free debate**, Rio Grande is the border
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| Who opposed the Mexican War? | Lincoln ("Mr. Polk's War") & Henry David Thoreau ("An Essay on Civil Disobedience")
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| Did Polk deliberately provoke war with Mexico? | NO! - he only wanted California and war seemed like the only option
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| Who was Frederick Jackson Turner? | wrote the frontier thesis
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| Supreme Court ruled that Georgia law could not be enforced in the Cherokee Nation | Worcester vs. Georgia
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| established boundary of Maine; US gained more land | Webster-Ashburton Treaty
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| decree that required all public lands to be purchased with "hard" money | Specie Circular
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| sent to Mexico City to offer $25 million for CA and territory to the east | John Slidell
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| banks in which Jackson deposited federal money; chief weapon in his struggle with the US bank | "pet banks"
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| SC senator who sought to safeguard minority interests in the Southin a debate with Webster | Robert Hayne
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| former TN governor; tragic marriage, alcoholism, lived with Indians, Texas commander-in-chief | Sam Houston
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| two American generals who led the main invasion forces in Mexico | Zachary Taylor & Winfield Scott
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| vetoed by Jackson, would have provided funds for internal improvements & infrastructure | Maysville Road Bill
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| guide who accompanied Fremont; showed Kearny the way from Santa Fe to CA | Kit Carson
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| first state law to ban the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages (prohibition) | Maine Law of 1851
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| two able and experienced leaders of the Whigs who had hoped to govern through a weak president | Daniel Webster & Henry Clay
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| term used by de Tocqueville in Democracy in America which described why, although individuals have legal freedom in American democracy, there is great pressure for them to conform | tyranny of the majority
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| left "obey" out of her marriage ceremony; advocated women's suffrage | Elizabeth Cady Stanton
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| wrote Birds of America | John James Audubon
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| edited a transcendentalist journal | Margaret Fuller
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| opposed prisons for confinement of the insane | Dorothea Dix
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| Quaker, woman delegates to London anti-slavery conference not recognized | Lucretia Mott
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| sisters who spoke at anti-slavery gatherings | Angelina & Sarah Grimke
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| wrote of the rugged individual; hero - Natty Bumpo | James Fenimore Cooper
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| wrote Knickerbocker's History of New York | Washinton Irving
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| excelled in the horror short story | Edgar Allan Poe
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| wrote Walden | Henry David Thoreau
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| said "Europe stretches to the Alleghenies; America lies beyond."; transcendentalist | Ralph Waldo Emerson
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| vice president under Jackson, changed from a nationalist to a Southern sectionalist | John C. Calhoun
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| first dark horse candidate to be nominated for the presidency | James K. Polk
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| daughter of a Washington boardinghouse keeper who married Secretary of War under Jackson | Peggy Eaton
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| most talented actress of the 1800s | Charlotte Cushman
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| woman author who wrote on living within one's income in response to the 1837 economic panic | Hannah Forsham Lee
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| raised money to launch a "female seminary", now Mount Holyoke College | Mary Lyon
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| fur trader and real-estate speculator millionaire | John Jacob Astor
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| What did the Kansas Treaty promote? | railroad system
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| What prevents the Tyranny of the Majority and protects minorities? | federalism
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| first professional architect in the US; completed the Capitol building in DC; cathedral in Baltimore | Benjamin Henry Latrobe
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| MO senator, expansionist, wanted to stand up to Britain over the Oregon Territory issue | Thomas Hart Benton
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| ignored the Supreme Court's protection of the SE Indian tribes | Andrew Jackson
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| New Yorker, president, architect of Independent Treasury Bill | Martin van Buren
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| lost the 1828 election to Jackson | John Quincy Adams
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| first vice-president to become president when a president died | John Tyler
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| first president to die while in office, gets Tyler into presidency | William Harrison
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| granted land tract by Mexico to bring in settlers of the Roman Catholic faith | Stephen F. Austin
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| helped overthrow Mexican rule in CA | John C. Fremont
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| born a slave, freed in 1810, mountain man in VA, lived among the Crow Indians in the W, member of Gen. Kearney's forces in CA | James Beckwith
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| KY anti-slavery leader, presidential candidate of Liberty party in 1840, free soil platform | James Birney
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