evolution
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| Darwin's contribution- 1859 | The Origin of Species
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| Participant during the Voyage of the Beagle - 1831 | Darwin
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| 2. Lyell's Principles of Geology convinced him | Darwin
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| observed geographic distribution of animals | Uniformitarian
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| unique animals in different locations | Uniformitarian
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| slow constant change | faunal succession
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| organisms evolving from less complex forms | faunal succession
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| survival based on advantage - natural selection | natural selection
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| instinct for self or race preservation | natural selection
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| need for food | challenge
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| don't become food | response
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| organs with the same ancestral origin | homology
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| but serve different functions, e.g. bat wings | homology
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| relatively small, lacking complexity | vestigial organs
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| organs with no function, e.g. whales pelvis | vestigial organs
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| similar to functioning organs in others | vestigial organs
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| developed from the concept of heredity | genetics
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| paired strands containing genetic code | chromosomes
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| identified by Mendel as particulate inheritance | chromosomes
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| made up of DNA | genes
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| concentrated within chromosomes | DNA molecule
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| won the Nobel Prize | Crick and Watson, Wilkins
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| book Double Helix) | Crick and Watson, Wilkins
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| chemical changes in DNA lead to | mutation
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| genetic makeup (hereditary character) | genotype
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| complete set of genes in an organism | genome
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| physical characteristics of individuals | phenotype
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| total of all genetic components of an interbreeding | gene pool
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| origin of two or more individuals from | speciation
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| 1st Order - 5-8 events in Earth history | extinction
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| 2nd Order - ~23 events | extinction
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| 3rd Order - ~33 events | extinction
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| rapid expansions of organisms | evolutionary radiation
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| new phyla, classes, orders or families | evolutionary radiation
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| less competition in new niches | evolutionary radiation causes
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| predators have not adjusted to new organisms | evolutionary radiation causes
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| often possible because of extinction of other groups | evolutionary radiation causes
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| adaptive breakthroughs - key features providing an edge | evolutionary radiation causes
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| destruction of groups of organisms | Rates of Extinction
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| average mammal species survives for just 1-2 Ma | Rates of Extinction
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| average marine species survives for >10 Ma | Rates of Extinction
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| high rates of genera extinctions | mass extiction
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| Permo-Triassic ~70% marine genera | largest extinction
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| phylogeny of life | ‘Tree of Life’
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| new species originate by branching off from others | ‘Tree of Life’
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| species cluster in groups with common traits | ‘Tree of Life’
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| represent higher taxa - more advanced | clusters
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| small clusters become a genus | genus
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| genera with similar traits become family | family
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| Animalae (animal) | Kingdom
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| Chordata (vertebrata - backbone) | phylum
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| Mammalia (mammal) | class
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| Primate | order
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| Hominidae (hominid) | family
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| Homo | genus
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| sapiens | species
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| cluster that shares similar traits derived from a common ancestor; | clade
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| research emphasizing branching events in phylogeny | cladistics
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| early traits | shared biological traits
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| derived traits - evolved later | shared biological traits
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| mark branching point in evolution | origin of new traits
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| illustrated by a cladogram | origin of new traits
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| only shows relatively complete groups | cladogram
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| useful approach in developing phylogeny | cladogram
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| new species arising from older species | phylogeny
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| history of one or more genetically related species | lineages
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| an individuals changes - life to death | ontogeny
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| change in body size - generally increasing | traits
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| greater complexity | traits
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| longer legs | horse changes
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| extension of finger nail | horse changes
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| complex teeth | horse changes
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| loss of rear legs | change to whales
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| increase in size | change to whales
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| body streamlined | change to whales
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| front legs converted to flippers | change to whales
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| species in lineage gradually change | phyletic gradualism
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| operates on the entire population | phyletic gradualism
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| what Darwin believed was happening due to Natural Selection | phyletic gradualism
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| most changes due to rapid, local speciation | punctuated equilibrium
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| longer-lived unchanging lineages | punctuated equilibrium
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| history of one or more genetically related species | lineages
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| debate in paleontology | punctuated equilibrium versus phyletic gradualism (Natural Selection)
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| sharp, distinct speciation | Steven Jay Gould
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| evolutionary changes are not reversible | Steven Jay Gould
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| that contingency has been a critical governing mechanism, | Steven Jay Gould
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| along with ‘survival of the fittest’ (phyletic gradualism, | Steven Jay Gould
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| also known as Natural Selection), responsible for the life we see on Earth today. | Steven Jay Gould
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| A possible future event that can’t be prevented or predicted (“the luck of the draw” concept | Contingency
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| species specialization | Adaptive radiation
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| diverge from a common ancestor | divergence
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| production of similar forms | convergence
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| plants - tree form to compete for light | environmental controls
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| do it the best way | adapt to efficiency
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| adapt to an already successful organism | mimicry
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| different species cannot interbreed and produce viable offspring (which can in turn produce offspring) | species concept
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| good only for living organisms | species concept
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| extremely difficult problem if organism is extinct | species concept
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| paleontologists use morphological traits | species concept
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| shape, size, proportions | morphological traits
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| many problems e.g. lumpers versus the splitters | morphological traits
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| right versus left coiling | shape
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| abnormally big or small | size, proportions
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| most species (>99.9%) never fossilized | Major Problem
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| spontaneous mutation of chromosomes | species changes
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| constant, slow | gradualism
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| fast | punctuated
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| predation driving change - yields physical adaptation | competition
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| extinct at one locality | migration
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| mindless effects; e.g. seeds are dispersed | dispersion
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| carried by winds | Atmospheric
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| carried by organisms | Atmospheric
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| floating or as attachments to floats | oceanic
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| floating larvae stages in marine life cycles | oceanic
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| slow changes in an isolated gene pool | isolation
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| sexual preference within the same gene pool | Sympatric speciation
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| most important evolutionary factor | climate
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| temperature | primary factors
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| moisture | primary factors
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| deserts and jungles as barriers | primary factors
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| affects marine, terrestrial organisms | sea level changes
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| transgression creates barriers | sea level changes
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| regression opens pathways | sea level changes
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| in part a climatic effect | glaciation
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| glaciers destroy things in their path | glaciation
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| cools climate and the deep ocean | glaciation
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| mountain building events | diastrophism
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| land bridges - e.g. Panama uplift | diastrophism
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| barriers against migration | diastrophism
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| climate modification | diastrophism
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| Plate tectonics | Large scale factors contributing to mass extinctions
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| changes in climate | Plate tectonics
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| isolation of populations | Plate tectonics
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| land bridges | Plate tectonics
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| Food chain (food webs) disruptions | Large scale factors contributing to mass extinctions
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| small population size | Food chain (food webs) disruptions
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| low variability (diversity) | Food chain (food webs) disruptions
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| narrow adaptation - over specialization | Food chain (food webs) disruptions
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| isolation | Food chain (food webs) disruptions
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| competition | Food chain (food webs) disruptions
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| unrestrained predation | Food chain (food webs) disruptions
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| disease | Food chain (food webs) disruptions
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| Extreme, rapid changes in physical environment | Large scale factors contributing to mass extinctions
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| atmospheric changes | changes in physical environment
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| changing climate | changes in physical environment
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| volcanic dust | changing climate
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| carbon dioxide | changing climate
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| meteor impact dust | changing climate
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| compositional changes - CO2; O2 | changing climate
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| solar radiation changes | Large scale factors contributing to mass extinctions
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| sea level changes | Large scale factors contributing to mass extinctions
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| lethal increases in chemicals | Large scale factors contributing to mass extinctions
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| acidification of oceans, Greenhouse effects | CO2
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| Permo-Triassic extinctions?? | hydrogen sulfide
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| nutrient depletion in the oceans | Large scale factors contributing to mass extinctions
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| cause reduced phytoplankton production due to lack of upwelling; water mass stability lack of upwelling; water mass stability tectonic stability and reduced runoff | nutrient depletion
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| 6. ice accumulations (loss) - ocean temperature changes and sea-level changes | Large scale factors contributing to mass extinctions
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| low magnetic fields cause strange effects | Magnetic Field Relationships
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| extinctions observed near magnetic polarity changes | Magnetic Field Relationships
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| during geomagnetic reversals | Cosmic ray effects
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| high influx at top of atmosphere - greatest at poles | Magnetic Field Relationships
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| mesons, protons, electrons | atomic particles
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| effects rapidly reduced by depth of water | Magnetic Field Relationships
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| radiation from solar flares | Magnetic Field Relationships
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| dumping of Van Allen radiation belts | Magnetic Field Relationships
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| atmospheric exposure to the solar wind Solar Wind | Magnetic Field Relationships
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| from the Sun - protons and electrons | Plasma stream
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| increase in production of radioisotopes at 0 magnetic field | Magnetic Field Relationships
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| Killer algae as the ‘kill mechanism’ for 4 of the ‘big 5’ mass extinctions | Controls
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| Toxic algal blooms | killer algea
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| during planet warming | Controls
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| sea level fluctuations | Controls
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| excess nutrient supply events; phosphorus and others | Controls
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| high CO2 | Controls
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| death | Controls
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| oxygen depletion by bacteria during decay in oceans | Controls
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| anoxia | Controls
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| identified with cyanobacteria - stromatolites | anoxia
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| toxins produced can kill land organisms | anoxia
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| they are volatilized and are absorbed by plants and animals | toxins
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| Red Queen Hypothesis (Leigh Van Valen, 1970s) | controls
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| evolution and speciation progress at a steady rate | Red Queen Hypothesis
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| species do NOT become better adapted | Red Queen Hypothesis
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| Tested by Venditti et al., 2010 | Red Queen Hypothesis
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| Driving Evolution are steady mutations in organisms | Red Queen Hypothesis
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| b. Extinction and Speciation are rare environmental events that cause reproductive isolation | Red Queen Hypothesis
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| separation of continents; | reproductive isolation
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| genetic change in mating preference; | reproductive isolation
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| kingdom, phylum, class, order | modern system
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