A&P 2 - Exam 4 - Part 4 - Acid-Base Balance
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| ______ is one of the most important of the body's homeostatic mechanisms. | acid-base balance
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| Acid-base balance refers to regulation of ______ ion concentration in body fluids. | hydrogen
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| Precise regulation of ______ at the cellular level is necessary for survival. | pH
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| Slight pH changes have dramatic effects on ______. | cellular metabolism
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| _______ is the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. | pH
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| pH is the _______ of hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. | negative logarithm
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| ______ is formed by aerobic glucose metabolism. | carbonic acid (H2C03)
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| What 5 elements are sources of pH? | carbonic acid (H2CO3), lactic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, acidic keytone bodies
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| Carbonic acid (H2C03) is formed by ______ metabolism. | aerobic glucose
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| ______ is formed by anaerobic glucose metabolism. | lactic acid
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| Lactic acid is formed by ______ metabolism. | anaerobic glucose
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| ______ acid is formed by the oxidation of ______ containing amino acids. | sulfuric, sulfur
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| Sulfuric acid is formed by the ______ of sulfur containing ______. | oxidation, amino acids
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| ______ acid is formed in the breakdown of ______ and ribonucleotides. | phosphoric, phosphoproteins
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| Phosphoric acid is formed in the breakdown of phosphoproteins and ______. | ribonucleotides
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| ______ are formed in the breakdown of fats. | acidic keytone bodies
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| Acidic keytone bodies are formed in the breakdown of ______. | fats
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| What are 3 acidic keytone bodies? | acetone, acetoacetic acid, beta-hydroxybutyric acid
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| The acid-forming potential of foods is determined by ______, ______, and ______ content. | chloride, sulfur, phosphorus
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| Chemical pH control mechanisms are _______ action buffers. | rapid
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| ______ pH control mechanisms are rapid action buffers. | chemical
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| What are 3 chemical pH control mechanism buffer systems? | bicarbonate (HCO3-), phosphate (HPO4-2 or H2PO4-), protein
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| Physiological pH control mechanisms are _______ action buffers. | delayed
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| ______ pH control mechanisms are delayed action buffers. | physiological
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| What are 2 physiological pH control mechanism responses? | respiratory, renal
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| pH control mechanisms are extremely effective and normally maintain pH within very narrow range of _______. | 7.36 to 7.41
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| ______ are substances that prevent marked change in the pH of a solution when an acid or base is added to it. | buffers
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| Buffers consist of weak ______ (or its ______) and ______ salt of that acid. | acid, salt acid, basic
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| Buffer pairs are present in body fluids; mainly _______, proteins, ________, acid phosphate, and sodium and potassium salts of these weak acids. | carbonic acid, hemoglobin
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| Buffer pairs are present in body fluids; mainly carbonic acid, ______, hemoglobin, ______, and sodium and potassium salts of these weak acids. | proteins, acid phosphate
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| Buffer pairs are present in body fluids; mainly carbonic acid, proteins, hemoglobin, acid phosphate, and ______ and ______ salts of these weak acids. | sodium, potassium
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| The action of buffers is to prevent marked changes in the ____ of body fluids. | pH
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| ______ acids, such as hydrochloric acid, lactic acid, and ketone bodies are buffered mainly by ______. | nonvolatile, sodium bicarbonate
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| Nonvolatile acids, such as ______, ______, and ______ are buffered mainly by sodium bicarbonate. | hydrochloric acid, lactic acid, ketone bodies
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| ______ acids, chiefly carbonic acid, is buffered mainly by ______ salts of hemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin. | volatile, potassium
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| Volatile acids, chiefly ______ acid, is buffered mainly by potassium salts of ______ and ______. | carbonic, hemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin
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| The ______ makes it possible for carbonic acid to be buffered in the red blood cell and then carried as ______ in the plasma. | chloride shift, bicarbonate
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| The chloride shift makes it possible for ______ to be buffered in the red blood cell and then carried as bicarbonate in the plasma. | carbonic acid
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| Bases are buffered mainly by ______ (when homeostasis of pH at ___ exists) | carbonic acid, 7.4
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| ______ are buffered mainly by carbonic acid (when homeostasis of pH at ___ exists) | bases, 7.4
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| The ______ equation is a mathematical formula that explains the relationship between hydrogen ion concentration of body fluids and the ratio of base bicarbonate to carbonic acid. | Henderson-Hasselbalch
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| The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is a mathematical formula that explains the relationship between ______ ion concentration of body fluids and the ratio of base bicarbonate to carbonic acid. | hydrogen
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| The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is a mathematical formula that explains the relationship between hydrogen ion concentration of body fluids and the ratio of base ______ to ______ acid. | bicarbonate, carbonic
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| Buffers cannot maintain normal pH without adequate functioning of ______ and ______ pH control mechanisms. | respiratory, urinary
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| ______ cannot maintain normal pH without adequate functioning of respiratory and urinary pH control mechanisms. | buffers
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| The amount of blood ______ directly relates to amount of ______ and therefore to the concentration of H+. | carbon dioxide, carbonic acid
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| The amount of blood carbon dioxide directly relates to amount of carbonic acid and therefore to the concentration of __. | H+
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| With increased respirations, less ______ remains in blood, hence _____ carbonic acid and _____ H+. | carbon dioxide, less, fewer
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| With decreased respirations, more ______ remains in blood, hence ______ carbonic acid and ______ H+. | carbon dioxide, more, more
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| ______ -> ______ -> which increases the elimination of CO2 -> which decreases blood CO2 -> which decreases blood ______ -> which decreases blood H+, that is, ______ blood pH -> tends to correct ______, that is, to restore normal pH. | acidosis, hyperventilation, caronic acid (H3CO3), increases, acidosis
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| Acidosis causes ______. | hyperventilation
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| ______ causes hyperventilation. | Acidosis
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| Prolonged hyperventilation, by decreasing blood ___ excessively, may produce ______. | H+, alkalosis
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| Alkalosis causes ______, which tends to correct alkalosis by increasing blood ______ and therefore blood ______ and ______. | hypoventilation, carbon dioxide (CO2), carbonic acid (H2CO3), H+
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| Prolonged hypoventilation, by eliminating too little _____ causes increase in blood carbonic acid (H2CO3) and consequently in blood H+, thereby may produce ______. | carbon dioxide (CO2), acidosis
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| The kidneys can eliminate more ____ while reabsorbing more _______ when pH tends toward acid side. | H+, base
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| The kidneys can eliminate fewer ___ while reabsorbing less ______ when pH tends toward alkaline side. | H+, base
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| What is H2CO3? | carbonic acid
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| What is HCO3-? | bicarbonate
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| What is HPO4-2 or H2PO4-? | phosphate
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| The secretion of ______ into urine occurs when blood CO2, H2CO3, and H+ increase above normal. | H+
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| The secretion of H+ into urine occurs when blood ______, ______, and ______ increase above normal. | carbon dioxide (CO2), carbonic acid (H2CO3), H+
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| ______ tubules secrete more H+ into urine and then reabsorb sodium into blood in exchange for the H+ excreted. | distal
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| Distal tubules secrete more ______ into urine and then reabsorb sodium into blood in exchange for the ______ excreted. | H+, H+
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| Distal tubules secrete more H+ into urine and then reabsorb ______ into blood in exchange for the H+ excreted. | sodium
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| What is NH3? | ammonia
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| When blood hydrogen ion concentration increases, distal tubules secrete more ______, which combines with H+ of urine to form ______ ions. | ammonia (NH3), ammonium
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| Ammonium ion displaces basic ion (mainly ______) from a salt; basic ion is then reabsorbed back into blood in exchange for ______ ion excreted. | sodium, ammonium
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| What acid-base imbalance is caused by a bicarbonate deficit? | metabolic acidosis
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| What acid-base imbalance can be caused by untreated diabetes or starvation? | metabolic acidosis
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| What acid-base imbalance is caused by a bicarbonate excess? | metabolic alkalosis
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| What acid-base imbalance can be caused by improper use of antacids or vomiting? | metabolic alkalosis
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| What acid-base imbalance is caused by carbonic acid excess? | respiratory acidosis
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| What acid-base imbalance can be caused by pneumonia, emphysema, or a barbiturate overdose? | respiratory acidosis
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| What acid-base imbalance is caused by carbonic acid deficit? | respiratory alkalosis
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| What acid-base imbalance can be caused by hyperventilation due to fever? | respiratory alkalosis
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