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A&P 2 - E4 - P4
A&P 2 - Exam 4 - Part 4 - Acid-Base Balance
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ______ is one of the most important of the body's homeostatic mechanisms. | acid-base balance |
| Acid-base balance refers to regulation of ______ ion concentration in body fluids. | hydrogen |
| Precise regulation of ______ at the cellular level is necessary for survival. | pH |
| Slight pH changes have dramatic effects on ______. | cellular metabolism |
| _______ is the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. | pH |
| pH is the _______ of hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. | negative logarithm |
| ______ is formed by aerobic glucose metabolism. | carbonic acid (H2C03) |
| What 5 elements are sources of pH? | carbonic acid (H2CO3), lactic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, acidic keytone bodies |
| Carbonic acid (H2C03) is formed by ______ metabolism. | aerobic glucose |
| ______ is formed by anaerobic glucose metabolism. | lactic acid |
| Lactic acid is formed by ______ metabolism. | anaerobic glucose |
| ______ acid is formed by the oxidation of ______ containing amino acids. | sulfuric, sulfur |
| Sulfuric acid is formed by the ______ of sulfur containing ______. | oxidation, amino acids |
| ______ acid is formed in the breakdown of ______ and ribonucleotides. | phosphoric, phosphoproteins |
| Phosphoric acid is formed in the breakdown of phosphoproteins and ______. | ribonucleotides |
| ______ are formed in the breakdown of fats. | acidic keytone bodies |
| Acidic keytone bodies are formed in the breakdown of ______. | fats |
| What are 3 acidic keytone bodies? | acetone, acetoacetic acid, beta-hydroxybutyric acid |
| The acid-forming potential of foods is determined by ______, ______, and ______ content. | chloride, sulfur, phosphorus |
| Chemical pH control mechanisms are _______ action buffers. | rapid |
| ______ pH control mechanisms are rapid action buffers. | chemical |
| What are 3 chemical pH control mechanism buffer systems? | bicarbonate (HCO3-), phosphate (HPO4-2 or H2PO4-), protein |
| Physiological pH control mechanisms are _______ action buffers. | delayed |
| ______ pH control mechanisms are delayed action buffers. | physiological |
| What are 2 physiological pH control mechanism responses? | respiratory, renal |
| pH control mechanisms are extremely effective and normally maintain pH within very narrow range of _______. | 7.36 to 7.41 |
| ______ are substances that prevent marked change in the pH of a solution when an acid or base is added to it. | buffers |
| Buffers consist of weak ______ (or its ______) and ______ salt of that acid. | acid, salt acid, basic |
| Buffer pairs are present in body fluids; mainly _______, proteins, ________, acid phosphate, and sodium and potassium salts of these weak acids. | carbonic acid, hemoglobin |
| Buffer pairs are present in body fluids; mainly carbonic acid, ______, hemoglobin, ______, and sodium and potassium salts of these weak acids. | proteins, acid phosphate |
| Buffer pairs are present in body fluids; mainly carbonic acid, proteins, hemoglobin, acid phosphate, and ______ and ______ salts of these weak acids. | sodium, potassium |
| The action of buffers is to prevent marked changes in the ____ of body fluids. | pH |
| ______ acids, such as hydrochloric acid, lactic acid, and ketone bodies are buffered mainly by ______. | nonvolatile, sodium bicarbonate |
| Nonvolatile acids, such as ______, ______, and ______ are buffered mainly by sodium bicarbonate. | hydrochloric acid, lactic acid, ketone bodies |
| ______ acids, chiefly carbonic acid, is buffered mainly by ______ salts of hemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin. | volatile, potassium |
| Volatile acids, chiefly ______ acid, is buffered mainly by potassium salts of ______ and ______. | carbonic, hemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin |
| The ______ makes it possible for carbonic acid to be buffered in the red blood cell and then carried as ______ in the plasma. | chloride shift, bicarbonate |
| The chloride shift makes it possible for ______ to be buffered in the red blood cell and then carried as bicarbonate in the plasma. | carbonic acid |
| Bases are buffered mainly by ______ (when homeostasis of pH at ___ exists) | carbonic acid, 7.4 |
| ______ are buffered mainly by carbonic acid (when homeostasis of pH at ___ exists) | bases, 7.4 |
| The ______ equation is a mathematical formula that explains the relationship between hydrogen ion concentration of body fluids and the ratio of base bicarbonate to carbonic acid. | Henderson-Hasselbalch |
| The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is a mathematical formula that explains the relationship between ______ ion concentration of body fluids and the ratio of base bicarbonate to carbonic acid. | hydrogen |
| The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is a mathematical formula that explains the relationship between hydrogen ion concentration of body fluids and the ratio of base ______ to ______ acid. | bicarbonate, carbonic |
| Buffers cannot maintain normal pH without adequate functioning of ______ and ______ pH control mechanisms. | respiratory, urinary |
| ______ cannot maintain normal pH without adequate functioning of respiratory and urinary pH control mechanisms. | buffers |
| The amount of blood ______ directly relates to amount of ______ and therefore to the concentration of H+. | carbon dioxide, carbonic acid |
| The amount of blood carbon dioxide directly relates to amount of carbonic acid and therefore to the concentration of __. | H+ |
| With increased respirations, less ______ remains in blood, hence _____ carbonic acid and _____ H+. | carbon dioxide, less, fewer |
| With decreased respirations, more ______ remains in blood, hence ______ carbonic acid and ______ H+. | carbon dioxide, more, more |
| ______ -> ______ -> which increases the elimination of CO2 -> which decreases blood CO2 -> which decreases blood ______ -> which decreases blood H+, that is, ______ blood pH -> tends to correct ______, that is, to restore normal pH. | acidosis, hyperventilation, caronic acid (H3CO3), increases, acidosis |
| Acidosis causes ______. | hyperventilation |
| ______ causes hyperventilation. | Acidosis |
| Prolonged hyperventilation, by decreasing blood ___ excessively, may produce ______. | H+, alkalosis |
| Alkalosis causes ______, which tends to correct alkalosis by increasing blood ______ and therefore blood ______ and ______. | hypoventilation, carbon dioxide (CO2), carbonic acid (H2CO3), H+ |
| Prolonged hypoventilation, by eliminating too little _____ causes increase in blood carbonic acid (H2CO3) and consequently in blood H+, thereby may produce ______. | carbon dioxide (CO2), acidosis |
| The kidneys can eliminate more ____ while reabsorbing more _______ when pH tends toward acid side. | H+, base |
| The kidneys can eliminate fewer ___ while reabsorbing less ______ when pH tends toward alkaline side. | H+, base |
| What is H2CO3? | carbonic acid |
| What is HCO3-? | bicarbonate |
| What is HPO4-2 or H2PO4-? | phosphate |
| The secretion of ______ into urine occurs when blood CO2, H2CO3, and H+ increase above normal. | H+ |
| The secretion of H+ into urine occurs when blood ______, ______, and ______ increase above normal. | carbon dioxide (CO2), carbonic acid (H2CO3), H+ |
| ______ tubules secrete more H+ into urine and then reabsorb sodium into blood in exchange for the H+ excreted. | distal |
| Distal tubules secrete more ______ into urine and then reabsorb sodium into blood in exchange for the ______ excreted. | H+, H+ |
| Distal tubules secrete more H+ into urine and then reabsorb ______ into blood in exchange for the H+ excreted. | sodium |
| What is NH3? | ammonia |
| When blood hydrogen ion concentration increases, distal tubules secrete more ______, which combines with H+ of urine to form ______ ions. | ammonia (NH3), ammonium |
| Ammonium ion displaces basic ion (mainly ______) from a salt; basic ion is then reabsorbed back into blood in exchange for ______ ion excreted. | sodium, ammonium |
| What acid-base imbalance is caused by a bicarbonate deficit? | metabolic acidosis |
| What acid-base imbalance can be caused by untreated diabetes or starvation? | metabolic acidosis |
| What acid-base imbalance is caused by a bicarbonate excess? | metabolic alkalosis |
| What acid-base imbalance can be caused by improper use of antacids or vomiting? | metabolic alkalosis |
| What acid-base imbalance is caused by carbonic acid excess? | respiratory acidosis |
| What acid-base imbalance can be caused by pneumonia, emphysema, or a barbiturate overdose? | respiratory acidosis |
| What acid-base imbalance is caused by carbonic acid deficit? | respiratory alkalosis |
| What acid-base imbalance can be caused by hyperventilation due to fever? | respiratory alkalosis |
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