Reproduction III and Chronology of Reproductive Function
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| How long does sperm remain rertile in vagina vs. how long the egg remains fertile after ovulation? | 5 days; the egg lasts less
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| What are the 3 steps of egg transport (generally, see. p. 399 for specs)? | 1. egg extruded out of ovary 2. fallopian tube bends over ovary 3. fimbrea sweep egg in-->current forms
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| where does fertilization occur? | fallopian tubes
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| what is the final destination of the egg? | Uterus
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| How does the egg get to the uterus, though? | smooth muscle peristalsis and beating of endometria cilia
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| SPERM TRANSPORT | SPERM TRANSPORT
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| what is sprm propelled by (of the 3 ways, which is the best)? | ejaculation force, cilia on cervix, and the flagellum
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| why is there a large mortality rate of sperm (2 reasons) | acidic pH and lots of energy needed to keep flagellum moving
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| What is capcitation? | The time delay before sperm can fertilize egg
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| What happens to the sperm at that time? | Tail is more whip like and PM changes to get ready for getting with the egg
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| FERTILIZATION | FERTILIZATION
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| How much sperm acts to get into a single egg? | MANY of them
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| What is the acrosome trying to break through? | The zona pellucida
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| recall, where is the zona pellucida with respect to the primary oocyte? | It is directly surrounding it
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| Where does it bind? | Egg PM
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| How much sperm binds to the egg? | Only one
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| but how? after all those sperm were attempting to get in? | Egg vesicles release stuff to inactivate the rest of the sperm binding sites and the zona pellucida hardens so it is harder to get throguh
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| Once the egg is FERTILIZED, what can finally occur? | Second meiotic division
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| What are you doing in this division? | Splitting chromatids-->finally get haploid number (23)
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| So the nuclei of the sperm and egg unite (fertilization) What happens now? | Lots of cell divisions in ZYGOTE begin
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| PHYSICAL CHANGES IN PREGNANCY BIRTH AND LACTIONATION | PREGNANCY
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| EARLY DEVELOPMENT | EARLY DEVELOPMENT
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| What forms after a whole bunch of cell divisions in the conceptus? | The blastocyst
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| Where does the blastocyst get implanted? | The endometrium
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| What does the trophoblast yeild? | The fetal placenta
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| What is the inner cell mass? | That's the empryo
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| Does fetal and maternal blood mix? | Nope! Remember the whole RH factor thing1
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| What does ECLAMPSIA cause? | Retain fluid and get HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
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| why is high bp such a problem? | Because you constrict mom's blood vessels in placenta-->not as much nutrients in placenta-->BAD for BABY
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| METHODS OF COLLECTION SAMPLES TO SEE HOW BABY IS DOING | AMNIO, ULTRA, CHORIONIC VILLUS, AND MATERNAL BLOOD
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| How does AMNIOCENTSIS work? What are you afraid of in this test? | You get a sample from the amniotic fluid around fetus; You fear damaging the amniotic fluid
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| How does ULTRASOUND work? | Look at sounds waves
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| How does CHORIONIC VILLUS work? | Sample tissue in placenta
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| TIME: 0-2 MONTHS | 0-2 MONTHS: P.403 ANALYZED
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| What happens to Trophoblast during that time? | Increases Cogatotropins
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| Corpus luteum during that time? | Increases estrogine and progestrone
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| Why? | Because the Cogatotropin acts on it
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| Thus, what does the increase in Progestrone and estrogen lead to? | Inhibit GnRH release by the hypothalamus
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| Thus, what happens at the anterior pituitary? | Decrease LH and FASH
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| TIME: 3-9 MONTHS | 3-9 Months
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| What happens to the Trophoblast? | Begins making its own estrogen and progestrone directly
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| So what happens to the corpus luteum? | Goes away
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| So the hypothalmus does what? | Decreases GnRH because we still have an influx of Estrogen and progestrone (remember that)
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| MATERNAL PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES | CHANGES IN MOMMY
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| Respiration change that occurs is? And is due to? | Hyperventilation; due to increase in progestrone
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| Adrenals change how? | Increase aldostrone and cortisol
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| Kidneys change? | Increase retention of salt and water
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| Due to? | Increase in aldostrone, vasopressin, and estrogen
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| Blood volume? | Increases due to water and salt uptake
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| So what impact does this have on pressure? | No change
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| Why in the world wouldn't we have a change??/ | Because there's vasodilation as well, so no change in BP
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| What happens to the weight of a pregnant women? And what is this due to? | Mostly water
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| BIRTH | BIRTH
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| PaParturition is? | Delivery of infant and placenta
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| What are the stages of parturition? | 1. Cervical weaking, contract uterus,
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| What happens in cervical weaking? | Collagen fibers destroyed b/c estrogen makes it weak
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| What is involved in rhyhmical uterine contractions? (2 steps) | Dilate the cervix, then infant, then placenta
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| What do you need to keep these events in sequence? Come on, this is cell-cell communication!!! | Gap junctions (for communication),
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| What causes the uterine contraction? | Decrease progestrone/estrogen ration
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| What does progestrone do in reagards to a contraction? Estrogen? | Inhibits it; estrogen stimulates it
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| Where is oxytocin released from? What does it induce? | the fetus; induces placental prostaglandin release
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| What does the uterine realse in this case? | It makes the post. pituitary release oxytocin
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| LACTATION | LACTATION
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| DURING PREGANCY | DURING PREGNANCY
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| Is milk made during pregnancy? | NO!
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| Why not??? | High estrogen and proestrone stop prolactin' from making milk!
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| Wait, prolactin? Where the heck did that come from? | The high estrogen level induced the relase of prolactin from the ant. pituitary
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| FIRST FEW DAYS POSTPARTUM | FIRST FEW DAYS POSTPARTUM
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| How does prolactin get secreted now? | Estrogen/progestrone makes hypothalmic PRH, which acts on ant. pituitary
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| What kind of milk is produced in the first few days after lactation? | Colostrum, which is low in fat an dhigh in IgA ab
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| What does the suckling reflex do? | makes PRH release prolactin and oxytocin
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| What does prolactin do? Oxytocin? | Prolactin makes milk, oxytocin ejects the milk
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| CHRONOLOGY OF REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION | YEAH YEAH
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| What are the sex chormosomes of males? Females? | XY, females are XX
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| Does the female have two active X chromosomes? | Nope, one is usually silenced
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| Which is bigger, X or Y? | X, of course!
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| What do the males need to have testes development? Where is this located? | SRY gene; on Y chromosome
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| So, what happens if SRY is not present??? | Ovaries get made
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| WWhat are wolfian ducts? Where do they come from? | Made from testrostone, gets made in ejaculatory vesicle...
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| What similar structure do females have? | Mullerian duct
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| What does MIS do? Where does it come from? | It comes from sertolli cells to stop mullerian duct from forming
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| What is testicular feminization? | When mullerian and wolfarian ducts degenerates b/c of lack of adrogen -->external genitalia default to female
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| What hormone is increased at puberty? Why? | GnRH; the brain
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| When does menapause occur? | 50
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| Why? | Ovarian follicles decreases
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| What does this lead to? | Osteoporosis and heart problems
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| WHY? | Loss of estrogen
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| What is the men's "menapause"? What does this lead to? Do they lose reproductive functioN? | When they don't secrete as much testrotone-->maybe some impotence and prostate cancer;. They dont' usually lose reproductive function, though.
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