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PHYS4
Reproduction III and Chronology of Reproductive Function
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How long does sperm remain rertile in vagina vs. how long the egg remains fertile after ovulation? | 5 days; the egg lasts less |
| What are the 3 steps of egg transport (generally, see. p. 399 for specs)? | 1. egg extruded out of ovary 2. fallopian tube bends over ovary 3. fimbrea sweep egg in-->current forms |
| where does fertilization occur? | fallopian tubes |
| what is the final destination of the egg? | Uterus |
| How does the egg get to the uterus, though? | smooth muscle peristalsis and beating of endometria cilia |
| SPERM TRANSPORT | SPERM TRANSPORT |
| what is sprm propelled by (of the 3 ways, which is the best)? | ejaculation force, cilia on cervix, and the flagellum |
| why is there a large mortality rate of sperm (2 reasons) | acidic pH and lots of energy needed to keep flagellum moving |
| What is capcitation? | The time delay before sperm can fertilize egg |
| What happens to the sperm at that time? | Tail is more whip like and PM changes to get ready for getting with the egg |
| FERTILIZATION | FERTILIZATION |
| How much sperm acts to get into a single egg? | MANY of them |
| What is the acrosome trying to break through? | The zona pellucida |
| recall, where is the zona pellucida with respect to the primary oocyte? | It is directly surrounding it |
| Where does it bind? | Egg PM |
| How much sperm binds to the egg? | Only one |
| but how? after all those sperm were attempting to get in? | Egg vesicles release stuff to inactivate the rest of the sperm binding sites and the zona pellucida hardens so it is harder to get throguh |
| Once the egg is FERTILIZED, what can finally occur? | Second meiotic division |
| What are you doing in this division? | Splitting chromatids-->finally get haploid number (23) |
| So the nuclei of the sperm and egg unite (fertilization) What happens now? | Lots of cell divisions in ZYGOTE begin |
| PHYSICAL CHANGES IN PREGNANCY BIRTH AND LACTIONATION | PREGNANCY |
| EARLY DEVELOPMENT | EARLY DEVELOPMENT |
| What forms after a whole bunch of cell divisions in the conceptus? | The blastocyst |
| Where does the blastocyst get implanted? | The endometrium |
| What does the trophoblast yeild? | The fetal placenta |
| What is the inner cell mass? | That's the empryo |
| Does fetal and maternal blood mix? | Nope! Remember the whole RH factor thing1 |
| What does ECLAMPSIA cause? | Retain fluid and get HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE |
| why is high bp such a problem? | Because you constrict mom's blood vessels in placenta-->not as much nutrients in placenta-->BAD for BABY |
| METHODS OF COLLECTION SAMPLES TO SEE HOW BABY IS DOING | AMNIO, ULTRA, CHORIONIC VILLUS, AND MATERNAL BLOOD |
| How does AMNIOCENTSIS work? What are you afraid of in this test? | You get a sample from the amniotic fluid around fetus; You fear damaging the amniotic fluid |
| How does ULTRASOUND work? | Look at sounds waves |
| How does CHORIONIC VILLUS work? | Sample tissue in placenta |
| TIME: 0-2 MONTHS | 0-2 MONTHS: P.403 ANALYZED |
| What happens to Trophoblast during that time? | Increases Cogatotropins |
| Corpus luteum during that time? | Increases estrogine and progestrone |
| Why? | Because the Cogatotropin acts on it |
| Thus, what does the increase in Progestrone and estrogen lead to? | Inhibit GnRH release by the hypothalamus |
| Thus, what happens at the anterior pituitary? | Decrease LH and FASH |
| TIME: 3-9 MONTHS | 3-9 Months |
| What happens to the Trophoblast? | Begins making its own estrogen and progestrone directly |
| So what happens to the corpus luteum? | Goes away |
| So the hypothalmus does what? | Decreases GnRH because we still have an influx of Estrogen and progestrone (remember that) |
| MATERNAL PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES | CHANGES IN MOMMY |
| Respiration change that occurs is? And is due to? | Hyperventilation; due to increase in progestrone |
| Adrenals change how? | Increase aldostrone and cortisol |
| Kidneys change? | Increase retention of salt and water |
| Due to? | Increase in aldostrone, vasopressin, and estrogen |
| Blood volume? | Increases due to water and salt uptake |
| So what impact does this have on pressure? | No change |
| Why in the world wouldn't we have a change??/ | Because there's vasodilation as well, so no change in BP |
| What happens to the weight of a pregnant women? And what is this due to? | Mostly water |
| BIRTH | BIRTH |
| PaParturition is? | Delivery of infant and placenta |
| What are the stages of parturition? | 1. Cervical weaking, contract uterus, |
| What happens in cervical weaking? | Collagen fibers destroyed b/c estrogen makes it weak |
| What is involved in rhyhmical uterine contractions? (2 steps) | Dilate the cervix, then infant, then placenta |
| What do you need to keep these events in sequence? Come on, this is cell-cell communication!!! | Gap junctions (for communication), |
| What causes the uterine contraction? | Decrease progestrone/estrogen ration |
| What does progestrone do in reagards to a contraction? Estrogen? | Inhibits it; estrogen stimulates it |
| Where is oxytocin released from? What does it induce? | the fetus; induces placental prostaglandin release |
| What does the uterine realse in this case? | It makes the post. pituitary release oxytocin |
| LACTATION | LACTATION |
| DURING PREGANCY | DURING PREGNANCY |
| Is milk made during pregnancy? | NO! |
| Why not??? | High estrogen and proestrone stop prolactin' from making milk! |
| Wait, prolactin? Where the heck did that come from? | The high estrogen level induced the relase of prolactin from the ant. pituitary |
| FIRST FEW DAYS POSTPARTUM | FIRST FEW DAYS POSTPARTUM |
| How does prolactin get secreted now? | Estrogen/progestrone makes hypothalmic PRH, which acts on ant. pituitary |
| What kind of milk is produced in the first few days after lactation? | Colostrum, which is low in fat an dhigh in IgA ab |
| What does the suckling reflex do? | makes PRH release prolactin and oxytocin |
| What does prolactin do? Oxytocin? | Prolactin makes milk, oxytocin ejects the milk |
| CHRONOLOGY OF REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION | YEAH YEAH |
| What are the sex chormosomes of males? Females? | XY, females are XX |
| Does the female have two active X chromosomes? | Nope, one is usually silenced |
| Which is bigger, X or Y? | X, of course! |
| What do the males need to have testes development? Where is this located? | SRY gene; on Y chromosome |
| So, what happens if SRY is not present??? | Ovaries get made |
| WWhat are wolfian ducts? Where do they come from? | Made from testrostone, gets made in ejaculatory vesicle... |
| What similar structure do females have? | Mullerian duct |
| What does MIS do? Where does it come from? | It comes from sertolli cells to stop mullerian duct from forming |
| What is testicular feminization? | When mullerian and wolfarian ducts degenerates b/c of lack of adrogen -->external genitalia default to female |
| What hormone is increased at puberty? Why? | GnRH; the brain |
| When does menapause occur? | 50 |
| Why? | Ovarian follicles decreases |
| What does this lead to? | Osteoporosis and heart problems |
| WHY? | Loss of estrogen |
| What is the men's "menapause"? What does this lead to? Do they lose reproductive functioN? | When they don't secrete as much testrotone-->maybe some impotence and prostate cancer;. They dont' usually lose reproductive function, though. |
Created by:
talkglitter2486