Reproduction II
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| What is an ectopic pregnancy? | When the egg becomes pertelized in the follopian tube.
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| What is the functio nof the fibria? | They sweep eggs into the follopian tube
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| when does the production of sex cells (oocytes and sperm) begin for women vs. men? | Women's occurs BEFORE birth. Men's occurs during puberty
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| But when does the maturation and release occur for women/ | At pubert-->menapause
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| What is the function of ovaries (5)? | Produce eggs, estrogen, progestrone, inhibin, and testostrone
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| Males have continuous production of sperm; they produce the same amount every time, how does this compare to women? | women have cyclincal release of oocytes in that their hormone levels change through the menstral cycle
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| PROCESS OF OOGENESIS | PROCESS OF OOGENESIS
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| What much sperm is produced by one spermatocyte? | 4
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| How how ovum is produced by one oocyte? | 1
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| How does oogenesis occur? (First 2 steps) | 1. oogonia divides by mitosis 2.-->becomes primary oocyte and goes through meiosis I 3.
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| What follows the primary meiotic division? | The oocyte pauses during primary division out a while
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| So what if that oocyte is selected? | It will finish the meiotic division
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| What does this produce? | 1 Polar body and one secondary oocyte
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| Then what? If fertilized? If not? What is additionally produced? | 2 oocyte will go through 2nd division if fertilized or will leave body (also forms a polar body)
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| FOLLICLE GROWTH | FOLLICLE GROWTH
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| What are follicles? | Structures in which eggs are located
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| What is the primordial follicle made of? | primary oocyte and 1 layer of granulosa cells
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| What is the function of granulosa cells? | Secrete estrogen
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| The does the primary follicle contain? | primary oocyte, more layers of granulosa cells, and zona pellucida
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| What does the antra follicle contain? | primary oocyte, many granulosa layers, zona pellucida, theca and antrum
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| What is the antrum? | Fluid filled cavities
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| Where does the fluid come from? | The granulosa dumps the fluid into antrum
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| What is the domnant follicle AKA? | Graafian follicle
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| At the start of each menstrual cycle, what begins to mature? | the antral follicles
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| What happens after one week? | One is selected to be matured and the others are atresia
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| What is atresia? | apoptosis
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| Thus on which follicle does the first meiotic division occur? | The dominant of graafian follicle
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| OVULATION | OVULATION
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| What initiated ovulation? What day? | When the graffian follicle bursts; day 14
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| What is associated with ovulation? And what is the path of the ovum? | Increas in LH and ovum-->fallopian tube from ovary
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| What if the egg isn't fertilized? | it still goes to the fallopian tube and uterus to be shed
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| So what happens to the leftover graafian follicles? | They become corpus luteum
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| What is its function if pregnancy occurs: how long does it last? If no pregnancy? | Yes pregnancy: It secretes progestrone and some estrogen UNTIL the placenta forms, then it is gone. If no pregrancy: It is atraised
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| CONTROL OF OVARIAN FUNCTION | CONTROL OF OVARIAN FUNCTION
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| PHASES OF THE OVARIAN CYCLE | PHASES OF THE OVARIAN CYCLE
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| What are the phases of the ovarian cycle? | Follicular phase, luteal phase
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| What happens in the follicular phase? | Single mature follicle and secondary oocyte develops
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| What happens at the luteal phase? | Ovulation until demise of corpus luteum
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| What hormone is especially increased during this period of 14 days? | Progestrone
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| What three strucutres predominatly secrete a whole lot of stuff during this time? | Ovaries, anterior pituitary, and hypothalamus
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| At what day of the menstral cycle does ovulation occur? | Day 14
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| Which phase, follicular or luteal is associated with an increase in progestrone? | The luteal
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| EARLY AND MIDDLE FOLLICULAR PHASES | EARLY AND MIDDLE FOLLICULAR PHASES
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| What experiences a sharp increase during the start of the follicular phase? | FSH
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| What is the function of the LH in a woman? | Acts on Theca cells
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| What do theca cells then do? | Make androgens
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| What happens to the adrogens? | diffuses to granulosa cells that covnert androgens to estrogen
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| But why do we need a shartp increase in FSH? | Because it is the SIGNAL that makes the granulosa cells secrete estrogen
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| Thus, we get an increase in estrogen. What do this do? | Inhibit ant. pituitary from secreting LH and FSH by stopping the hypothalamus from secreting GnRH
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| Does this mean that LH and FSH have stopped being produced? Why? | No; the hypothalamus still sends the signal to keep producing them!!
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| What does inhibin do in women? By what method? | It stops the secretion of FSH by negative feedback
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| How is this different than for males? | It isn't!! It stops secretion of FSH in males to stop making sperm
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| When does estrogen produce a positive feedback loop? | If you have really HIGH amnts of estrogen, then we make more estrogen.^_^
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| What does lead to an increase of? | FSH and LH
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| An increase in LH levels induces? (4 things) | Secondary oocyte production, ovulation, decrease in estrogen, and corpus luteum forms
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| LUTEAL PHASE | LUTEAL PHASE
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| What does the corpus luteum do? | Secretes progestrone and estrogen
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| What does the combination of inhibin, progestrone, and estrogen inhibit the PRODUCTION of? | GnRH, LH and FSH
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| We've got less LH, Unless a pregnancy occurs, what does this lead to? | Destroys corpus luteum, which decreases progestrone and estrogen--> menstration
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| HOW THE PILL WORKS (POTENTAIL TEST QUESTION) | THE PILL
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| What do they do to hormones? | Keeps estrogen and progestrone constant
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| Thus? | 1. No LH spike, no ovulation, no egg, no pregnancy
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| What happens when you take off the path or you stop taking the pill? | You shed the uterine layer-->bleeding again
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| MENSTRUAL CYCLE | THE CYCLE
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| The cyclical changes associated with menstruation is due to changes in? | The uterine endometrium (innermost uterus)
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| What two phases make up the follicular phase and what is each associated with? | Menstrual phase (bleeding)and proliferative phase (building up)
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| What levels of ovarian hormones and gonadotropins are associated with menstural phase? | Lowest levels
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| What initiates menstruation? | When estrogen and progestrone levels decrease because corpus luteum is destroyed (no pregnancy)
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| What layers of the endometrium are shed? | All but the very deepest
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| PROLIFERATIVE PHASE | PROLIFERATIVE PHASE
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| What does estrogen do in this phase? | increases endometrium and progestrone receptors
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| EARLY SECRETORY PHASE OF MENTRUAL CYCLE | MENSTRUAL CYCLE
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| Progestrone does what? (3 things) | Makes the endometrium a secretory tissue, makes mucus block spterm, and inhibits uterine contractions
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| LH increases to initiate menstruation, what is the order of increase of the stuff it helps secrete? | Estrogen, then progestrone
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| In pregnancy, what generally happens to GnRH, FSH, and LH? | DECREASE
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| What arises from the blastocyst? | Placenta
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