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PHYS4
Reproduction II
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is an ectopic pregnancy? | When the egg becomes pertelized in the follopian tube. |
| What is the functio nof the fibria? | They sweep eggs into the follopian tube |
| when does the production of sex cells (oocytes and sperm) begin for women vs. men? | Women's occurs BEFORE birth. Men's occurs during puberty |
| But when does the maturation and release occur for women/ | At pubert-->menapause |
| What is the function of ovaries (5)? | Produce eggs, estrogen, progestrone, inhibin, and testostrone |
| Males have continuous production of sperm; they produce the same amount every time, how does this compare to women? | women have cyclincal release of oocytes in that their hormone levels change through the menstral cycle |
| PROCESS OF OOGENESIS | PROCESS OF OOGENESIS |
| What much sperm is produced by one spermatocyte? | 4 |
| How how ovum is produced by one oocyte? | 1 |
| How does oogenesis occur? (First 2 steps) | 1. oogonia divides by mitosis 2.-->becomes primary oocyte and goes through meiosis I 3. |
| What follows the primary meiotic division? | The oocyte pauses during primary division out a while |
| So what if that oocyte is selected? | It will finish the meiotic division |
| What does this produce? | 1 Polar body and one secondary oocyte |
| Then what? If fertilized? If not? What is additionally produced? | 2 oocyte will go through 2nd division if fertilized or will leave body (also forms a polar body) |
| FOLLICLE GROWTH | FOLLICLE GROWTH |
| What are follicles? | Structures in which eggs are located |
| What is the primordial follicle made of? | primary oocyte and 1 layer of granulosa cells |
| What is the function of granulosa cells? | Secrete estrogen |
| The does the primary follicle contain? | primary oocyte, more layers of granulosa cells, and zona pellucida |
| What does the antra follicle contain? | primary oocyte, many granulosa layers, zona pellucida, theca and antrum |
| What is the antrum? | Fluid filled cavities |
| Where does the fluid come from? | The granulosa dumps the fluid into antrum |
| What is the domnant follicle AKA? | Graafian follicle |
| At the start of each menstrual cycle, what begins to mature? | the antral follicles |
| What happens after one week? | One is selected to be matured and the others are atresia |
| What is atresia? | apoptosis |
| Thus on which follicle does the first meiotic division occur? | The dominant of graafian follicle |
| OVULATION | OVULATION |
| What initiated ovulation? What day? | When the graffian follicle bursts; day 14 |
| What is associated with ovulation? And what is the path of the ovum? | Increas in LH and ovum-->fallopian tube from ovary |
| What if the egg isn't fertilized? | it still goes to the fallopian tube and uterus to be shed |
| So what happens to the leftover graafian follicles? | They become corpus luteum |
| What is its function if pregnancy occurs: how long does it last? If no pregnancy? | Yes pregnancy: It secretes progestrone and some estrogen UNTIL the placenta forms, then it is gone. If no pregrancy: It is atraised |
| CONTROL OF OVARIAN FUNCTION | CONTROL OF OVARIAN FUNCTION |
| PHASES OF THE OVARIAN CYCLE | PHASES OF THE OVARIAN CYCLE |
| What are the phases of the ovarian cycle? | Follicular phase, luteal phase |
| What happens in the follicular phase? | Single mature follicle and secondary oocyte develops |
| What happens at the luteal phase? | Ovulation until demise of corpus luteum |
| What hormone is especially increased during this period of 14 days? | Progestrone |
| What three strucutres predominatly secrete a whole lot of stuff during this time? | Ovaries, anterior pituitary, and hypothalamus |
| At what day of the menstral cycle does ovulation occur? | Day 14 |
| Which phase, follicular or luteal is associated with an increase in progestrone? | The luteal |
| EARLY AND MIDDLE FOLLICULAR PHASES | EARLY AND MIDDLE FOLLICULAR PHASES |
| What experiences a sharp increase during the start of the follicular phase? | FSH |
| What is the function of the LH in a woman? | Acts on Theca cells |
| What do theca cells then do? | Make androgens |
| What happens to the adrogens? | diffuses to granulosa cells that covnert androgens to estrogen |
| But why do we need a shartp increase in FSH? | Because it is the SIGNAL that makes the granulosa cells secrete estrogen |
| Thus, we get an increase in estrogen. What do this do? | Inhibit ant. pituitary from secreting LH and FSH by stopping the hypothalamus from secreting GnRH |
| Does this mean that LH and FSH have stopped being produced? Why? | No; the hypothalamus still sends the signal to keep producing them!! |
| What does inhibin do in women? By what method? | It stops the secretion of FSH by negative feedback |
| How is this different than for males? | It isn't!! It stops secretion of FSH in males to stop making sperm |
| When does estrogen produce a positive feedback loop? | If you have really HIGH amnts of estrogen, then we make more estrogen.^_^ |
| What does lead to an increase of? | FSH and LH |
| An increase in LH levels induces? (4 things) | Secondary oocyte production, ovulation, decrease in estrogen, and corpus luteum forms |
| LUTEAL PHASE | LUTEAL PHASE |
| What does the corpus luteum do? | Secretes progestrone and estrogen |
| What does the combination of inhibin, progestrone, and estrogen inhibit the PRODUCTION of? | GnRH, LH and FSH |
| We've got less LH, Unless a pregnancy occurs, what does this lead to? | Destroys corpus luteum, which decreases progestrone and estrogen--> menstration |
| HOW THE PILL WORKS (POTENTAIL TEST QUESTION) | THE PILL |
| What do they do to hormones? | Keeps estrogen and progestrone constant |
| Thus? | 1. No LH spike, no ovulation, no egg, no pregnancy |
| What happens when you take off the path or you stop taking the pill? | You shed the uterine layer-->bleeding again |
| MENSTRUAL CYCLE | THE CYCLE |
| The cyclical changes associated with menstruation is due to changes in? | The uterine endometrium (innermost uterus) |
| What two phases make up the follicular phase and what is each associated with? | Menstrual phase (bleeding)and proliferative phase (building up) |
| What levels of ovarian hormones and gonadotropins are associated with menstural phase? | Lowest levels |
| What initiates menstruation? | When estrogen and progestrone levels decrease because corpus luteum is destroyed (no pregnancy) |
| What layers of the endometrium are shed? | All but the very deepest |
| PROLIFERATIVE PHASE | PROLIFERATIVE PHASE |
| What does estrogen do in this phase? | increases endometrium and progestrone receptors |
| EARLY SECRETORY PHASE OF MENTRUAL CYCLE | MENSTRUAL CYCLE |
| Progestrone does what? (3 things) | Makes the endometrium a secretory tissue, makes mucus block spterm, and inhibits uterine contractions |
| LH increases to initiate menstruation, what is the order of increase of the stuff it helps secrete? | Estrogen, then progestrone |
| In pregnancy, what generally happens to GnRH, FSH, and LH? | DECREASE |
| What arises from the blastocyst? | Placenta |
Created by:
talkglitter2486