Reproduction I
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| What are the primary reproductive organs? And what do they generally produce? | Testes and ovaries; produce hormones and gametes
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| What are accessory reproductive organs? | ducts and glands
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| What is the central organ responsible for the production of sex hormones? | Hypothalamus
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| What hormone secreted by the hypothalamus does this? And where does it act? | GnRH that acts on anterior pituitary
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| What does it do at the ant. pituitary? | Makes it release gonadotropoins like FSH and LH
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| What are steroid sex hormones released in response to FSH and LH for females? Males? | Estrogen and progrestrone for females and adrogens for males
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| GAMETE PRODUCTION | GAMETE PRODUCTION
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| What are gametes? Give examples of them AND their location? | reproductive cells; like the ova (ovaries) and spermatozoa (testes)
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| What are teh stages of gametogensis? | Mitosis then meiosis
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| When does mitosis become predominat? | Fetal development
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| What are teh steps of haploid cell formation? | Start with diploid cell-->mitosis-->1st dvision- of meiosis-->2nd division of meiosis-->haploid cell
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| What happens in the first division/ | Crossing over
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| So, what two core things happen in meisosi? | Crhomosomes replicate (92 total) and crossing over occurs
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| In crossing over, exchange of genes between what takes place? | Homologous chromosomes
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| Corssing over serves to? | combine mom and dad's DNA to 2^23 possibilities
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| In SECOND meiotic division, what key things must be noted? | 1. no replication of DNA, sister chromatids divide
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| TESTES | TESTES
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| What are the testes responsible to produce? | adronogens (testrostrone), and sperm
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| When does sperm production in males start? stop? | starts in puberty and doesn't stop
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| Where is spterm produced? What is involved in sperm production? | Made in seminiferous tubules with the help of sertolli cells.
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| What activates sertolli cells? | FSH
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| What is the role of leydic cells? | secrete testrostrone w/ help of LH
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| What comprises teh structure of sperm (describe each) | Head (has DNA), Acrosome (penetrate egg), midpiece (mitochondria for movement) and flaggellum
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| Sperm gets into the sertolli cells to differentiate, how does it get out? Describe teh strucutre of the sertolli cells: | Tight junctions prevent stuff from coming in, but does let Primary spermatocytes out
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| What factors influence sperm development? | Abs, drugs, temp
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| Does environment play a role more in females or males? What is important in the other one? | Males > females; in utero in females is important
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| What is responsible to store sperm? | Epididymis and Vas Deferens
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| What secretes important stuff to make semen? | Bulbourethral glands
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| What secretes the bulk of semen? | Seminal vesicles and prostate gland
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| What is the transport path of sperm? | 1. Seminiferous tubules, 2. epididymis, 3. Vas deferens 4. Ejaculatory ducts 5. Urethra
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| What two signals initiate erections? | CNS input and somatosensory input to penis
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| What are the steps invovled in an erection? | Inihibit sympathetic-->increase parasympathetic reflex-->release NO-->Vasodilate-->compress veins (blood can't leave, so erection lasts for some time)
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| What are teh two phases of ejaculation? | Emission and expulsion
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| Emission steps involved? | Sympathetic input-->contraction of stuff that has to do with sperm travel path--> secretion into urethra
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| Expulsion involves? | Smooth muscle contracts in Urethra and skeletal muscle of penis expel semen
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| So what is the key different b/w erection and ejaculatioN? | Erection is the inhibition of sympathetic activitiy but ejaculation is stimulation of sympathetic activity
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| What strongly influences sperm development? | Testrostrone
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| What does FSH do to sertoli cells? | Makes them produce adrogen bidning protein
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| What does ABP do? | stimulates spermatogensis
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| What is the role of LH? | Binds to Leydig cells to stimulate secretion of testostrone and estrogen
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| What does testrone do? (3 things) | Acts on sertoli cells by diffiusing to help differentiate sperm; 2. get into blood to make hair, bone (estrogen)...3. negative feedback on hypothalmase to decrease GnRH and LH (less testrostone made)
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| What is the impact of anabolic steroids on sperm, testrone and muscle mass? | Decrease sperm and testrostrone, but increase muscle mass
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| What is teh action of inhibin AND what is it produced by? | Made by sertolli cells, inhibits release of GnRH and FSH
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| When are inhibin levels high? | When sperm count is high
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