Digestion and Absorption I
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| Where is HCL released from? | Stomach
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| Where is bile released from? | Liver
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| Where are digestive enzymes rreleased from? | Exocrine glands
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| What kind of muscles are present in the motlily of the stomach? | Smooth Muscle
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| What is the role of the GI system in absorption? | It MAXIMIZES the absorption; does not regulate it
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| What kind of digested stuff enters the blood accross epithilial cells? | Carbs, AA, and salts
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| What kind of digested stuff enters the lymph from epithilial cells? | Fats and fat-soluble stuff
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| How much fluid does the GI tract secrete vsw. fluid injested? | 3.5 more fluid secreted than injested
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| What percent of that amount is actually placed in feces? | 1%
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| STRUCTURE AND FUNTION OF THE GI TRACT | STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE GI TRACT
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| What is the function of Exocrine glands? | Secrete acids, enzymes, water, ions, and mucus into tissue
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| What is the funtions of the endocrine cells? | Secrete hormones into the blood
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| What increases the area available for absorption in the SMALL INTESTINE? | Folding of the intestinal wall, villi, and microvilli on epithilal cells
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| How are epithilal cells replenished? | By mitosis
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| What structure does blood containing NUTRIENTS go from the small intestine go before going to the heart? | Venous blood goes through the heptic portal vein
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| What is fat packaged into? | chylomicrons
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| Where is it absorbed? | Lymphatic vessels in villus
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| What are lymphatic veseels AKA? | Lacteals
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| CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTION | CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTION
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| What is starch digested by? | Amylases by salivary glands and pancreas
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| So what happens to the products of the amylase breakdown and sugars ('ose)? Where at? | broken down to -->monosacchs by enzymes in small intestine
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| How are monosachs absorbed into the blood? | Secondary active transport across intestinal epithilium
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| What are some things not digested in the small intestine? Where do they go? | Cellulose isn't digested...it passes to the large intestine
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| What can break it down in the large intestine? | bacteria
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| PROTEINS | PROTEINS
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| What are proteins broken donw into? | Peptides and amino acids
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| How and where are they absorbed? | Secondary acitve transport in the small intestine
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| What molecules are needed to break down proteins into peptides? | pepsin in the stomach and pancreatic enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin in small intestine
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| Then how are peptides groken down???? | Pancreatic carboxypeptidase and intestinal aminopeptides --> Free amino acids
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| WHAT part of the WHICH itnestine does the protein digestion and absorption, as well as te carb digestion and absorption take place? | Upper part of the SMALLintestine
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| FAT | FAT
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| What must fats undergo first to be able to be absorbed adn digestied? | Emulcification
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| How are large fat globules leaving teh stomach emulsified in the small intestine? WHAT SECRETES THEM? | Bile salts and phospholipids from the liver
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| Then what? | Lipase comes in
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| What is a strucutre that is a reservoir for bile? | Gallbladder
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| When would we want to release bile from the gallbladder | To digest fat
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| Where is lipase released from? | Pancreas
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| What are the steps of fat breakdown with LIPASE? | Lipase digests fat from emulsion-->fatty acids and monoglycerides 2) combine with bile salts-->micelles 3) go to epi cells-->form triacylglycerol
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| What happens to the triglycerol? | released as chylomicrons
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| Where do the chylomicrons go? | enter lacteals in villa and pass the lymphatic csystem to the venous blood
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| VITAMINS | VITAMINS
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| How are fat soluble vitamins digested? | Same method as for fat
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| What about water soluble vitamins? | Abosrbed in teh small intestine by difusion or carrier mediated transport
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| Specifically, how is vitamin B12 absorbed? | in the ileum after combining with intrinsic factors secreted from the stomach
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| What is B12 required to form? | BLOOD
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| WATER ABSORPTION | WATER
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| How is water absorbed? | By osmosis following solute absorption
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| how much fluid enteres the small intestine per day? | 9000 mL
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| How much of that passes into the large intestine? | 1500
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| Thus??? | The small intestine absorsbs 80% of fluid!!
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| What is the order of absorption in the small intestine? | Duadenum, Jejunum, Ileium
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| What is the order of digestion int he large intestine? | A. Colon, D. Colon, and S. Colon
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| What important process do epithilial cells undergo under mitosis? | Migration to tip, daily turnover, but they're susceptible to damage
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| What is coupled with the secondary active transport absorption of nutrients and monosachs? | Sodium transport
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| What can inhibit gastric emptying? | Distention of the small intestine, fat, acid, and hypertonic solutions in teh intestinal lumen
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| What structure connects the exocrine portion of the pancreas and the duodenum? | The pancreatic duct
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| What structure in the small intestine does most of the absorption? | Duadenum
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| Why can't the large intestine absorb lots of water? | It lacks villi
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| What initiates defecation? | Distention of the rectum
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| Where does glucagon mainly act upon? | LIVER
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