Physical Development in Infancy
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| cephalocaudal principle | the principle that growth follows a pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds down to the rest of the body
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| proximodistal principle | the principle that development proceeds from the center of the body outward
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| principle of heirarchial intergration | the principle that simple skills typically develop separately and independently but are later intergrated into more complex skills
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| principle of the independence of systems | the principle that different body systems grow at different rates
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| neuron | basic nerve cell of the nervous system
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| synapse | the gap at the connection between neurons, through wich neruons chemically communicate with one another
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| myelin | a fatty substance that helps insulate neurons and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses
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| cerebral cortex | the upper layer of the brain
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| plasticity | the degree to which a developing structure or behavior is modifiable due to experience
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| sensitive period | a specific, but limited, time, usually early in an organism's life during which the organism is particularly susceptible to enviromental influences related to some particular facet of development
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| rhythms | repetitive, cyclical patterns of behavior
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| state | the degree of awarness an infanct displays to both internal and external stimulation
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| rapid eye movement sleep | the period of sleep that is found in older children and adults and is associated with dreaming
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| sudden infant death syndrome | the unexplained death of a seemingly healthy baby
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| reflexes | unlearned, organized involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli
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| norms | the average performance of a large sample of children of a given age
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| Brazelton Neonatal Bahavioral Assessment Scale | a measure designed to determine infants' neurological and behavioral responses to their environment
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| marasmus | a disease characterized by the cessation of growth
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| kwashiorkor | a disease in which a child's stomach, limbs, and face swell with water
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| nonorganic failure to thrive | a disorder in which infants stop growing due to a lack of stimulaiton and attention as the result of inadequate parenting
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| sensation | the stimulation of the sense organs
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| perception | the sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli involving the sense organs and brain
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| multimodal approach to perception | the approach that considers how information that is collected by various individual sensory systems is integrated and coordinated
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| affordances | the action possibilities that a given situation or stimulus provides
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