Arkansas ap world history chapter 11
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| Indian | Misnomer created by Columbus when referring to indigenous American peoples;implies social and ethnic commonalty that did not exist among Native Americans; still used to describe Native Americans.
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| Toltecs | Nomadic peoples from beyond the northern frontier of sedentary agriculture inMesoamerica; established capital at Tula after migration into central Mesoamerican plateau; strongly militaristic ethic, including cult of human sacrifice.
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| Aztecs | The Mexica; one of the nomadic tribes that penetrated into the sedentary zone of the Mesoamerican plateau after the fall of the Toltecs; established empire after 1325 around shores of Lake Texcoco.
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| Tenochtitlan | Founded circa 1325 on a marshy island in Lake Texcoco; became center of Aztec power.
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| Pipiltin | Nobility in Aztec society; formed by intermarriage of Aztecs with peoples tracing lineage back to the Toltecs.
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| Tlacaelel | Advisor to Aztec rulers (1427-1480); had histories of Mexico rewritten; expanded cult of human sacrifice as effective means of political terror.
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| Huitzilopochtli | Aztec tribal patron god; central figure of human sacrifice and warfare;identified with old sun god.
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| Calpulli | Clans in Aztec society; evolved into residential groupings that distributed land and provided labor and warriors.
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| Chinampas | Beds of aquatic weeds, mud, and earth placed in frames made of cane and rooted in lakes to create “floating islands”; system of irrigated agriculture used by Aztecs.
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| Pochteca | Merchant class in Aztec society; specialized in long-distance trade in luxury items.
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| Inca socialism | An interpretation describing Inca society as a type of utopia; image of the Inca Empire as a carefully organized system in which every community collectively the whole.
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| Twantinsuyu | Inca word for their empire; region from Colombia to Chile and eastward into Bolivia and Argentina.
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| Inca | Group of clans (ayllu) centered at Cuzco; created an empire in the Andes during the 15th century; also title of the ruler.
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| Pachacuti | Inca ruler (1438-1471); began the military campaigns that marked the creation of the Inca Empire.
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| Topac Yupanqui | Inca ruler (1471-1493); extended his father’s conquests; seized the northern coastal kingdom of Chimor and pushed into Equador.
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| Huayna Capac | Inca ruler (1493-1527); brought the empire to its greatest extent.
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| Split inheritance | Inca practice of ruler descent; all titles and political power went to the hands of male descendants for support of dead Inca’s mummy.
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| Temple of the Sun | Inca religious center at Cuzco; center of state religion; held mummies of past Incas.
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| Curacas | Local rulers who the Inca left in office in return for loyalty.
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| Tambos | Way stations used by Incas as inns and storehouses; supply centers for Inca armies; relay points for system of runners used to carry messages.
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| Mita | Labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential part of Inca control.
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| Quipu | System of knotted strings used by the Incas in place of a writing system; could contain numerical and other types of information for censuses and financial records.
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| Hernan Cortés | (1485 – 1547) Led expedition of 600 Spanish soldiers to coast of Mexico in 1519; conquistador responsible for defeat of Aztec Empire; captured Tenochtitlan.
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| Anasazi | Native American culture which thrived in the Southwest from 200 to 1200 C.E.; known for cliff dwellings and maize growing.
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| Hopewell | Native American culture which centered in the Ohio valley from 200 to 500 C.E.; known for earthen burial and defensive mounds.
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| Pochteca | Class of Aztec merchants that had hereditary status.
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| “Flowery death” | Death while taking prisoners for the sacrificial knife.
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| Metates | Stone boards used for grinding corn by hand.
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| Tihuanaco and Huari | Two large cities found on Lake Titicaca which were part of the Moche culture (200 – 700 C.E.).
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| Viracucha | Incan creator god.
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| Huacas | Incan holy shrine were prayers were offered.
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| Yanas | Incan class of people who were removed from their ayllus and served permanently as servants, artisans, or workers for the Inca or nobility.
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