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| Hellas | The Greek name for Greece
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| Hellenes | those who traced their history back to a powerful king, Hellen, a name by which the Greeks became known
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| Mycenaeans | Civilization that dominated Greece and the Aegean after the fall of the Minoans
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| Dorians | northern invaders of southern Greece, ancestors of the Spartans
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| Hubris | Excessive pride
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| aristoi | men who rose to prominence because of increased wealth, based on personal qualities as well
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| Dark Ages | Period of decline after the invasion of Dorians, profound effet on political assumptions of the classical Greeks
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| Characteristics of Greek gods | capricious, superhuman, interfering in human affairs
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| Main occupation of the aristoi | Trade, plunder, piracy
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| Idea of heroic ideals | based on Homeric writings
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| Iliad | Epic recounting the Trojan War
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| Odyssey | Trials & tribulation of Odysseus on his return journey of 20 years
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| Argos | Only one to recognize Odysseus on his return
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| Polis | City and its surrounding area
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| Phoenicians | introduced alphabet and design for trade ships
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| asty | the heart of the city, market place
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| khora | the lands that surrounded the city
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| synoikismos | the process of early polis formation, literaly, the "bringing together of dwellings"
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| Magna Graecia | Roman name" Greater Greece" colonies established in Mediterranean Sea and elsewhere
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| Panhellenism | "all Greeks have a common heritage"
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| Olympiads | Series of games dedicated to the Greek Gods, time of peace, allowed for sense of community, every four years
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| Hoplite warfare | Foot soldiers that protected the aristocrats and the polis
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| phalanx | Tight military formation, rows and columnns, well-coordinated action, short battles
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| hoplon | hoplite shield
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| symposium | social, boys club, used for entertainment and political advances
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| homosexuality | practiced among some Athenian aristocracy - sexual and political mentorship
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| tyrannos | one who seized power outside ordinary practices
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| demos | the people, began receiving more rights through demands of hoplites
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| Athens | Attica city state, first democracy
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| magistrates | city administrators
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| archons | 9 aristracts that held executive power, one year term
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| Aeropagus Council | elected archos, self-sustaining elite group, each archon became member of council after serving 1 year term
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| Debt slavery | used by aristocracy to collect debts
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| Drako (Draco) | first reformer, first harsh codification of laws
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| draconian | adj - extremely harsh
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| Solon | ended up pleasing no one, more rights for demos, eliminated debt slavery, jury trials
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| Psistratus | Gather to the lower classes, coined moned, reduced taxes, nepotism, paradise
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| Cleisthenes | Father of Athenian democracy, changed tribes based on location & loyalty to state, increased council to 500, introduced ostracism
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| ostracism | political exile of a rival, ten year period
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| Sparta | City state on Peloponnesus, military, government - different
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| dual monarchy | 2 kings prevented aristocratic competition, one elected to serve as military leader, the other civil
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| Apella | Council consisting of males ovoer 30, voted yes/no on suggestions of elders
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| gerousia | Council of Elders, those over sixty, with age comes wisdon
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| Krypteia | "secret police", kept eye on helots,
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| helots | Messenian slaves, tied to land, occupied western of the Peloponnesus, conquered by Spartan & enslaved
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| Spartiates | the professional soldiers, the warriors, strict military training
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| Periokoi | those who travel, the class that did trade, etc. for Spartans who were not allowed to travel
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| Miletus | Hellenic city of Ionia, center of pre-Socratic thought, first city to establish colonies
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| Milesian School | phiolosophic thinkers, based on rational thought and materials, cosmos not controlled by capricious god
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| Thales | Father of Philosophy, Four elements, water most important
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| Anaimander | Air most important element
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| Herodotus | Father of History, Wrote History of the Persian Wars
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| Thucydides | Scientific Historian - History of the Peloponnesean Wars
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