Classical conditioning & learning
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| Learning | A relatively permanent change in behavior, attitude, knowledge, and capability; Acquired through experience not illness, maturation, or injury
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| The Black Box | Stimulus goes in and a response comes out; doesn't matter whats inside; Same principal for all animals so we can generalize; Stimulus-box-Response
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| Classical Conditioning | Discovered on accident during a saliva experiment; A type of learning in which one organism learns to associate one stimulus with another
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| Dogs would salivate when: | 1. They heard footsteps of the lab assistants
2. Heard the food dishes rattle
3. Saw the attendants who fed them
4. Saw the food
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| Stimulus | Any event or object in the environment to which an organism responds
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| Reflex | An involuntary response to a stimulus; Ex. Eye blink to a puff of air
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| Conditioned reflex | A response elicited by and unconditioned stimulus with prior learning; Salivate at the sight of food
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| Unconditioned response | Response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning; Salivation, startle, contraction of pupil to light, eye blink response
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| Unconditioned stimulus | Stimulus that elicits a specific unconditioned response without learning; Food, loud noise, light in eye, puff of air in eye
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| Conditioned stimulus | Neutral stimulus that, after repeated with unconditioned stimulus, becomes associated with it and elicits a conditioned response
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| Conditioned response | Learned response that comes to be elicited by a conditioned stimulus as a result of repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus
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| High-order conditioning | Occurs when the conditioned stimulus are linked together to form a series of signals; ex. steps leading to a blood drawl at a clinic
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| Extinction | Weakening and eventual disappearance of the conditioned response as a result of repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus
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| Spontaneous recovery | Reappearance of an extinguished response after exposure to the original conditioned stimulus following a rest period
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| Generalization | Tendency to make a conditioned response to a stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus
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| Discrimination | Learned ability to distinguish between similar stimuli so that the conditioned response occurs only to the original conditioned stimulus but not to similar stimuli
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| John B. Watson and emotional conditioning | 1919; Little Albert was conditioned by a loud noise to fear white rats and other white objects
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| Robert Rescorla | Demonstrated that classical conditioning is not repeated pairing of the CS and the UCS; depends on whether the CS provides information that enables reliable prediction of the UCS; Pairings of tones and shocks
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| Tones and shocks: | only the group where the tone reliably predicted the shock developed a conditioned fear response; when the tone provided no clue about the shock pairings did not lead to conditioning
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| Biological Predispositions | Smell and taste are closely associated because the smell of a certain food is a signal of its taste and the sensation of eating it
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| Classical conditioning in every day life | Fear responses, drug use, advertising, the immune system
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| Fear responses | Dental visits; sound of the drill and suction, smell of the office, sight of the chair and light
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| Drug use | The CS associated with drug use leads individuals to seek out those substances; counselors encourage recovering users to avoid those stimuli like people, places, and things
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| Advertising | A neutral product is associated with people, objects, or situations customers like to elicit a positive response
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| The Immune system | Chemotherapy treatments can result in conditioned taste aversion; providing a "scapegoat" target can help patients maintain a healthy diet
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| Pavlov's second signal system | Related to the way we learn meanings to words; a signal of signals; Seeing an apple (first stimulus), naming the apple (second stimulus); More intense stimuli lead to more rapid conditioning
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| 4 tenets of association theory | 1. Temporal Contiguity
2. Intensity
3. Frequency
4. Similarity
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