Stack #74297
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| Alimentary Canal | oLong muscular tube
oBegins at the mouth and ends at the anus
oAccessory organs salivary glands, tongue, teeth, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
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| Mouth, Buccal, Oral Cavity | oFunction
receives food as it enters the body
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| Digestive System | Also known as the GI system (gastrointestinal)
Physical and chemical breakdown of food for use by body
Alimentary canal and the accessory organs
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| Actions in the mouth | Tasted
Broken down physically by teeth
Lubricated
Partially digested by saliva
Swallowed
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| Teeth | physically broken down
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| Tongue | contains special taste receptors; aids in chewing and swallowing food
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| Taste Buds | Sweet & Salty(tip); Sour & Bitter
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| Hard Palate | bony structure = roof of mouth; separates mouth from nasal cavities
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| Soft Palate | behind hard palate; separates mouth from nasopharynx
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| Uvula | muscular structure that hands from middle of soft palate = prevents food from entering nasopharynx
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| Mastication | chewing
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| Salivary Glands | (3 pairs = parotid, sublingual, submandibular)
oFunction of saliva
lubricates during speech and chewing, moistens food and contains enzymes (speed up chemical reactions)
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| Salivary Amylase | breakdown of carbs (starches) into sugars
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| Bolus | food that has been chewed and mixed with saliva
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| Esophagus | muscular tube dorsal to trachea
Carries bolus to stomach
Peristalsis moves food toward stomach
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| Stomach | (blank)
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| Cardiac Sphincter | circular muscle between esophagus and stomach; close after food enters stomach; prevents food from going back up
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| Pyloric Sphincter | circular muscle between stomach and small intestine; keeps food in stomach until ready to enter small intestine
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| Chyme | food in converted into a semi-fluid material called chime
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| Gastric Juices | Hydrochloric acid kills bacteria, facilitates absorption, activates pepsin
Enzymes
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| Hydrochloric Acid | kills bacteria, facilitates absorption, activates pepsin
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| Enzymes | •Lipase
•Pepsin
•Rennin
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| Lipase | starts chemical breakdown of fat
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| Pepsin | protein
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| Rennin | milk digestion aid for infants, not present in adults
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| Small Intestine | oAbout 20 feet long; 1 inch in diameter
oReceives food from stomach in form of chyme
o3 sections
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| Duodenum | first 9-10 inches
•Bile enters through ducts of gallbladder and liver and pancreatic juice also via ducts/tubes
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| Jejunum | 8 feet; middle section
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| Ileum | final 12 feet
•Connects to large intestine at cecum
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| Functions of small intestine | Digestion is completed
•Products of digestion absorbed into blood stream for use of cells
•Intestinal juices produced (by small intestine) contain enzymes that breakdown sugars into simpler forms
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| Intestinal Juices | complete protein, sugar, and fat digestion
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| Bile | emulsifies (physically breaks down) fat
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| Villi | lines small intestine; fingerlike projections; capillaries absorb digested nutrients and carry them to the liver; where they are stores or released for use of body cells
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| Pancreatic Juice | complete digestion process
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| Large Intestine | o About 5 feet long; 2 inches in diameter
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| Large Intestine Funcitons: | Absorption of waterAbsorption of any remaining nutrientsStorage of indigestible materials before elimination from bodySynthesis (formation) and absorption of B-complex vitamins and vitamin K by bacteria present in intestine
Transportation of waste
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| Cecum | first section; connected to ileum (small intestine)
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| Ascending Colon | up on right side of body from cecum to lower part of liver
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| Transverse Colon | extends across abdomen
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| Descending Colon | extends down left side of body; connects with sigmoid
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| Sigmoid Colon | s-shaped; joins rectum
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| Rectum | 6-8 inches; storage area for indigestibles and waste
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| Anal Canal | opens at a hole = anus
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| Anus | opening; digestive waste is expelled through this opening
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| Vermiform Appendix | small projection
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| Liver | oLargest gland in the body
oAccessory organ for digestive system
oLocation: under diaphragm and in upper right quadrant of abdomen
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| Liver Functions (1) | Secretes bile; emulsifies fats; water soluble necessary for absorption
Stores sugar in form of glycogen; released later as needed
Stores iron and certain vitamins
Produces heparin; prevents clotting of blood
Produces cholesterol
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| Gallbladder | oSmall muscular sac
oLocation: under liver, attached by connective tissue
oStores and concentrates bile
oBile needed to emulsify fats
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| Pancreas | oFish-shaped organ located behind the stomach
oProduces pancreatic juices to digest food
oProduces insulin which is secreted into the blood stream; regulates burning of carbohydrates to convert glucose into energy
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| Liver Functions (2) | Detoxifies substances; alcohol, pesticides
Destroys bacteria in blood (taken in from intestine)
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