The Vascular System
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| ARTERIES | ARTERIES
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| What kind of walls do the systemic arteries and aeorta have? | Thick walls made of eleastic tissue and smooth muscle
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| What is the function of the arteries? | Low resistance tubes and pressure reservoirs
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| What is the purpose of the pressure reservoirs? | Maintain blood flow in ventricular relaxation
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| What is systolic pressure? | Max arterial pressure in a cardiac cycle
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| What is diastolic pressure? | Minimum arterial pressure
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| What is pulse pressure? | Difference b/w systolic and diastolic pressure
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| What happens to the volume of the arteries in systole? | Increases
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| In diastole? | Decreases; come on, it is relaxing, dude!!
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| Mean arterial pressure: | Average pressure in a cycle
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| How is it calculated? | MAP = Dbp + {(Sbp-Dbp)/3}
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| What is Sbp = Dbp? | Pulse Pressure
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| What kind of change occurs in arterial pressure with age? Why? | Increase in arterial pressure due to decrease in complainance
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| What's the only thing that remains constant with age? What happens to the thickness of arterial wall with age? What does this lead to? | Stroke volume! With age, wall becomes ticker, so it is harder to increase volume with the pressure you had, so you increase pressure
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| How would one measure compliance? | Change in volume over change in Pressure (C = (V/P)
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| What preassure can comliance influence? Can't influence? | Pulse pressure; can't influence MAp
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| If you make a small change to the volume, what kind of a change will the pressure undergo? | Large change in pressrue
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| ARTERIOLES | ARTERIOLES
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| What are arterioles? Function, that is? | resistance to flow in vascular system
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| What are their two major roles? | Distribute flows to various organs and tissues and determine MAP
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| What is the Flow in a organ equation? | P = F x R; like ohms law: v=I R
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| What is the MAP of the kidneys vs. the lungs? | It is similar
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| So where does the difference in flow come from? | From the ressitance of the arterioles of the organs
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| What happens to flow as resistance decreases? | Flow increases
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| What are arterioles made of? | Smooth muscle
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| What happens to the vessel radius as the vessel relaxes? | It increases
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| What is this called? | Vasodialation
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| Give an example: | Skelatal muscle during excercise to increase blood flow
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| Is this localized of systemic? | LOcalized, baby!
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| What does vasoconstriction do? | Decrease radius and, therefore, blood flow
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| What kind of a change (localized vs. generalized) is a change in blood pressure? | Generalized
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| What whappens ot eh pressure in vasodialation? | It decreases
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| How is arterioral ressitance dtermined? | Local factors and by reflex neural and hormonal input
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| What are local factors AKA? What are the three types? | Functional SMTH...; the three kinds are Active, Flow auto regulation, and reactive hyperemia
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| Active hyperemia: Why do they happen? | Increase in blood flow to organs and tissues; b/c local factors from an increase in metabolic activity
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| Give an example ofa n active hypermia incident? | EXCERCISE, BABY
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| What is flow autoregulation? | Change in resistance in an organ that keeps flow constant when bp changes.
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| What is it due to? | local metabolic factors
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| What implemetns flow autoregulation? | Brain and kidney
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| What doesn't do this? How does the brain hold blood flow constant? | SKIN; flow is constant through extreme arterial pressure
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| Reactive hyperemia? | Increase in blood flow to an organ tissue
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| What does this follow? | Occlusion of flow
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| What's the best thing to do fi pressure falls?? | Keep the flow constant
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| EXTRINSIC CONTROLS | EXTRINSIC
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| How are arterioles innervated? What do they cause? Vioa what? | sympathetic nerves cause vasoconstriction via alpha adrenergic receptors
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| What can EPI cause? Dialation or constriction of arterioles? | EPI can cause vasodilation via b-adrenergic and contstriction bia alpha
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| If you have a low amount of EPI, what is more likely to hapen? dialation or constriction? | Dilation
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| What hormes can serve as extrinsic controlers? | Angiotensin II and vasopressin
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| What is the role of endothelial cells? Vaso constriction or dialatioN/ | Release EDRF-->vasodialation
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| What is vasopressin AKA? | ADH
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| What does the release of Nitric oxide lead to? | Goes to smooth muslceand constricts it
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| What chemicals can lead to vasodialiation, then? | About all chemicals lead to vasodialation
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| SEE FIG. 12-36- | MEMORIZE
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| P. 223 | P. 223
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| CAPILLARIES | CAPILLARIES
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| What percent of circulating blood are they? | 5 %
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| What is the purpsoe of the capilllaries? | They do ltos of exchange of nutrients and waste stuff
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| How long of a diffusion distance do they have? | Short distance
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| How is capillary blood flow determined? | Resistance of arterioles supplying the capillaries and by the number of open precapillary sphincters
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| What is the speed of blood flow in capillaries? Why? | Slowly; b/x of the large cross sectional area, so wider
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| Analogy to understand above? | The wider the river, the slower the flow
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| What does the diffusion allow exchange b/w/? | capillary plasma and interstatiatial fluid
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| What kind of stuff goes through capillary fast? slow? | Fast: lipid soluble, alcohol; slow: polar, lipid insoluble: ions...etc.
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| What can lipid soluble substance dmore across? | All endothelial wall
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| Ionas and polar molecules jmove through? | water-filled intercellular clefts or fused vescile channels
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| EXTRA | EXTRA
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| How fast do Plasma proteins move accross membranes? | Very slowl
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| Why does a diffusion gradient arise? | Cell utilization and production of a substance
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| BULK FLOW | BULK FLOW
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| Bulk flow of ------ OR ----- across capillaries determines the distribution of extracellular fluid b/w these two fluid compartments. | Protein free plasma or interstitial fluid
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| From what to what does filtration go? What does filtration favor? | From Plasma to IF; hydrostatic pressure difference b/w the capillary and the interstitial fluid
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| Absorption goes from what to what? What favors absorption ? | From IF to Plasma; favored by Plasma protein concentration difference b/w the plasma and the interstitial fluid
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| In a normal situation, is there more filtration or absorption/ | more filtration than absorption
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| What is the role of solutes in the arteries? | Thehy make osmotic force
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| What is the osmotic force provided by? | Protein
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| What is the pressure when you increase protein in vessel? | 25 mg Hg
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| What is equation of the total pressure? | 2hydrostatic and 2osmotic
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| VEINS | VEINS
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| What is the resistance and main function of veins? | Low resistance condiuts for venous return
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| What contains most of the bloodd in vascuar system? | Veins
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| Vein diameters are reflexly altered by --------------- and ----------------? | Syumpatheticv vasoconstriction or vasodialiation
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| What two thing increase venous pressure locally and enhance venous reutrn? | Skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pump
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| What is the permit of venous valves? | Prevent backflow
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| LYPMATHIC SYSTEM | LYMPATHIC SYSTEM
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| What is the lymphatic system componsed of? | lymph nodes lymphatic,k vessels
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| Flymph travels though ?????? | lymphatic vessels
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| What is the lymph fluid made of? | interstitial fluid
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| What is the purpose of the lymphatic system? | Return exess fluid derifer fo fluid.
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| What is lymph flow driven by? Where? What is a secondary flow? | smooth muscle contraction in the lymph vessels. Also driven by skeletal muslce pump and respiratory pump
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| VEINS AGAIN | VEINS AGAIN
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| What kind of pressure do veins have? LWhat about volume? | Low pressure, hugh volume
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| What is the point of the lymphatic sytem? | Return leaked out fluid (IF) to the cardiovascular system
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