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PHYS3
The Vascular System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ARTERIES | ARTERIES |
| What kind of walls do the systemic arteries and aeorta have? | Thick walls made of eleastic tissue and smooth muscle |
| What is the function of the arteries? | Low resistance tubes and pressure reservoirs |
| What is the purpose of the pressure reservoirs? | Maintain blood flow in ventricular relaxation |
| What is systolic pressure? | Max arterial pressure in a cardiac cycle |
| What is diastolic pressure? | Minimum arterial pressure |
| What is pulse pressure? | Difference b/w systolic and diastolic pressure |
| What happens to the volume of the arteries in systole? | Increases |
| In diastole? | Decreases; come on, it is relaxing, dude!! |
| Mean arterial pressure: | Average pressure in a cycle |
| How is it calculated? | MAP = Dbp + {(Sbp-Dbp)/3} |
| What is Sbp = Dbp? | Pulse Pressure |
| What kind of change occurs in arterial pressure with age? Why? | Increase in arterial pressure due to decrease in complainance |
| What's the only thing that remains constant with age? What happens to the thickness of arterial wall with age? What does this lead to? | Stroke volume! With age, wall becomes ticker, so it is harder to increase volume with the pressure you had, so you increase pressure |
| How would one measure compliance? | Change in volume over change in Pressure (C = (V/P) |
| What preassure can comliance influence? Can't influence? | Pulse pressure; can't influence MAp |
| If you make a small change to the volume, what kind of a change will the pressure undergo? | Large change in pressrue |
| ARTERIOLES | ARTERIOLES |
| What are arterioles? Function, that is? | resistance to flow in vascular system |
| What are their two major roles? | Distribute flows to various organs and tissues and determine MAP |
| What is the Flow in a organ equation? | P = F x R; like ohms law: v=I R |
| What is the MAP of the kidneys vs. the lungs? | It is similar |
| So where does the difference in flow come from? | From the ressitance of the arterioles of the organs |
| What happens to flow as resistance decreases? | Flow increases |
| What are arterioles made of? | Smooth muscle |
| What happens to the vessel radius as the vessel relaxes? | It increases |
| What is this called? | Vasodialation |
| Give an example: | Skelatal muscle during excercise to increase blood flow |
| Is this localized of systemic? | LOcalized, baby! |
| What does vasoconstriction do? | Decrease radius and, therefore, blood flow |
| What kind of a change (localized vs. generalized) is a change in blood pressure? | Generalized |
| What whappens ot eh pressure in vasodialation? | It decreases |
| How is arterioral ressitance dtermined? | Local factors and by reflex neural and hormonal input |
| What are local factors AKA? What are the three types? | Functional SMTH...; the three kinds are Active, Flow auto regulation, and reactive hyperemia |
| Active hyperemia: Why do they happen? | Increase in blood flow to organs and tissues; b/c local factors from an increase in metabolic activity |
| Give an example ofa n active hypermia incident? | EXCERCISE, BABY |
| What is flow autoregulation? | Change in resistance in an organ that keeps flow constant when bp changes. |
| What is it due to? | local metabolic factors |
| What implemetns flow autoregulation? | Brain and kidney |
| What doesn't do this? How does the brain hold blood flow constant? | SKIN; flow is constant through extreme arterial pressure |
| Reactive hyperemia? | Increase in blood flow to an organ tissue |
| What does this follow? | Occlusion of flow |
| What's the best thing to do fi pressure falls?? | Keep the flow constant |
| EXTRINSIC CONTROLS | EXTRINSIC |
| How are arterioles innervated? What do they cause? Vioa what? | sympathetic nerves cause vasoconstriction via alpha adrenergic receptors |
| What can EPI cause? Dialation or constriction of arterioles? | EPI can cause vasodilation via b-adrenergic and contstriction bia alpha |
| If you have a low amount of EPI, what is more likely to hapen? dialation or constriction? | Dilation |
| What hormes can serve as extrinsic controlers? | Angiotensin II and vasopressin |
| What is the role of endothelial cells? Vaso constriction or dialatioN/ | Release EDRF-->vasodialation |
| What is vasopressin AKA? | ADH |
| What does the release of Nitric oxide lead to? | Goes to smooth muslceand constricts it |
| What chemicals can lead to vasodialiation, then? | About all chemicals lead to vasodialation |
| SEE FIG. 12-36- | MEMORIZE |
| P. 223 | P. 223 |
| save | save |
| save | save |
| save | save |
| save | save |
| save | save |
| CAPILLARIES | CAPILLARIES |
| What percent of circulating blood are they? | 5 % |
| What is the purpsoe of the capilllaries? | They do ltos of exchange of nutrients and waste stuff |
| How long of a diffusion distance do they have? | Short distance |
| How is capillary blood flow determined? | Resistance of arterioles supplying the capillaries and by the number of open precapillary sphincters |
| What is the speed of blood flow in capillaries? Why? | Slowly; b/x of the large cross sectional area, so wider |
| Analogy to understand above? | The wider the river, the slower the flow |
| What does the diffusion allow exchange b/w/? | capillary plasma and interstatiatial fluid |
| What kind of stuff goes through capillary fast? slow? | Fast: lipid soluble, alcohol; slow: polar, lipid insoluble: ions...etc. |
| What can lipid soluble substance dmore across? | All endothelial wall |
| Ionas and polar molecules jmove through? | water-filled intercellular clefts or fused vescile channels |
| EXTRA | EXTRA |
| How fast do Plasma proteins move accross membranes? | Very slowl |
| Why does a diffusion gradient arise? | Cell utilization and production of a substance |
| BULK FLOW | BULK FLOW |
| Bulk flow of ------ OR ----- across capillaries determines the distribution of extracellular fluid b/w these two fluid compartments. | Protein free plasma or interstitial fluid |
| From what to what does filtration go? What does filtration favor? | From Plasma to IF; hydrostatic pressure difference b/w the capillary and the interstitial fluid |
| Absorption goes from what to what? What favors absorption ? | From IF to Plasma; favored by Plasma protein concentration difference b/w the plasma and the interstitial fluid |
| In a normal situation, is there more filtration or absorption/ | more filtration than absorption |
| What is the role of solutes in the arteries? | Thehy make osmotic force |
| What is the osmotic force provided by? | Protein |
| What is the pressure when you increase protein in vessel? | 25 mg Hg |
| What is equation of the total pressure? | 2hydrostatic and 2osmotic |
| VEINS | VEINS |
| What is the resistance and main function of veins? | Low resistance condiuts for venous return |
| What contains most of the bloodd in vascuar system? | Veins |
| Vein diameters are reflexly altered by --------------- and ----------------? | Syumpatheticv vasoconstriction or vasodialiation |
| What two thing increase venous pressure locally and enhance venous reutrn? | Skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pump |
| What is the permit of venous valves? | Prevent backflow |
| LYPMATHIC SYSTEM | LYMPATHIC SYSTEM |
| What is the lymphatic system componsed of? | lymph nodes lymphatic,k vessels |
| Flymph travels though ?????? | lymphatic vessels |
| What is the lymph fluid made of? | interstitial fluid |
| What is the purpose of the lymphatic system? | Return exess fluid derifer fo fluid. |
| What is lymph flow driven by? Where? What is a secondary flow? | smooth muscle contraction in the lymph vessels. Also driven by skeletal muslce pump and respiratory pump |
| VEINS AGAIN | VEINS AGAIN |
| What kind of pressure do veins have? LWhat about volume? | Low pressure, hugh volume |
| What is the point of the lymphatic sytem? | Return leaked out fluid (IF) to the cardiovascular system |
Created by:
talkglitter2486