BIO201 - Ch4 - Histology - Marieb/Hoehn - Rio Salado College - AZ
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| Stem Cells | 1st to form in fertilized egg - can divide indefinately. | ||||
| Microvilli | Functions in absorption or secretion. | ||||
| Basement Membrane | Epithelial tissue connects to this - no cells - just proteins & sugars. | ||||
| Simple Epithelial (Squamous) | Lines blood vessels, lung alveoli - squished/flat cells. | ||||
| Simple Epithelial (Cubodial) | Lines glands & ducts - surface of ovaries & eye - cube shaped. | ||||
| Simple Epithelial (Columnar) | Tissues of stomach, intestines & uterus - column shaped. | ||||
| Psuedostratified | Simple epithelium - looks multi-layered - lines throat, nasal passage, sinuses... | ||||
| Stratified Epithelial (Squamous) | 2 or more layers - skin (keratinized), mouth, throat, esophagus. | ||||
| What type of tissue is skin made of? | Stratified Epithelial (Squamous). | ||||
| What type of tissue is found on surface of ovaries? | Simple Epithelial - Cubodial. | ||||
| Which tissue type lines cavities or tubes? | Epithelial tissue. | ||||
| Anatomy | Study of human body & parts. | ||||
| Physiology | Study of how the body functions. | ||||
| Internal Environment | Blood & the fluid around body cells. | ||||
| Tissue with no cells in it - just proteins & polysaccharides? | Basement Membrane. | ||||
| What tissue lines the throat & nasal passages? | Psuedostratified - Epithelial. | ||||
| What is the tissue of the stomach? | Simple Epithelial - Columnar. | ||||
| What tissue lines the surface of the eye? | Simple Epithelial - Cubodial. | ||||
| What tissue lines the mouth? | Stratified Epithelial - Squamous. | ||||
| What tissue is found in the ducts of sweat glands? | Stratified Epithelial - Cubodial. | ||||
| What tissue is in the ducts of salivary glands? | Stratified Epithelial - Columnar. | ||||
| Gland | Multicellular structure that makes & secrets products. | ||||
| Exocrine Glands | Secretes substances onto epithelial surface. | ||||
| Mucus, saliva & earwax are secreted by? | Exocrine Glands. | ||||
| Endocrine Glands | Make hormones that pour into extracellular fluid. | ||||
| The thyroid & adrenals are ___ glands. | Endocrine glands. | ||||
| ____ glands secrete substances onto epithelial surface. | Exocrine glands. | ||||
| Connective Tissue | Most abundant in body. | ||||
| Its cells secrete a "ground substance" of fibers. | Connective Tissue. | ||||
| Elastin Fibers | Elastic & makes connective tissue stretchy. | ||||
| Lung tissue has ___ fibers. | Elastin | ||||
| Fibroblasts | Produce & secrete fibers & white blood cells. | ||||
| Loose Connective Tissue | Fibers & cells loosely arranged in ground substance. | ||||
| Which tissue acts as frameowrk for epithelium? | Loose connective tissue. | ||||
| Two main types of connective tissue? | Soft connective & specialized. | ||||
| Soft connective Tissue | Loose, dense irruglar & dense regular. | ||||
| ___ connective tissue found under skin | Soft Connective - loose | ||||
| Connective tissue found in organs. | Soft Connective - Dense irregular. | ||||
| Connective tissue found in tendons. | Soft Connective - Dense regular. | ||||
| Specialized Connective Tissue | Cartilage, bone, adipose & blood. | ||||
| Dense Irregular Connective Tissue | Has fibroblasts & many fibers. | ||||
| Forms protective capsules around organs that don't stretch. | Dense Irregular Connective Tissue | ||||
| Dense, Regular Connective Tissue | Rows of fibroblasts sandwiched between fibers. | ||||
| Cartilage | Solid but pliable & resists compression. | ||||
| Cartilage is made by? | Chondroblasts. | ||||
| Chondroblasts | Cells that make cartilage. | ||||
| 3 types of cartilage | Hyaline, elastic & fibro | ||||
| Hyaline Cartilage | Most common - ribs, nose, pre-bone in embryo. | ||||
| Elastic Cartilage | Flexable yet rigid - outer ear, epiglottis. | ||||
| Fibrocartilage | Packed w/collagen fibers - can take tremendous presure. | ||||
| Cushions in joints & vertebrae disks | Fibrocartilage | ||||
| Bone Tissue | Hardened by minerals - calcium salts. | ||||
| Tissue that produces blood cells | Bone tissue | ||||
| Adipose Tissue | Fat storage - soft matrix. | ||||
| What tissue is blood considered? | Connective Tissue - derrived mainly from so grouped w/in. | ||||
| 3 types of muscle tissue? | Smooth, skeletal & cardiac | ||||
| Striated | Striped | ||||
| Fascicles | Bundles enclosed by connective tissue. | ||||
| Skeletal Muscle | Fastened to bone - striated - many mitochondria. | ||||
| Smooth Muscle | Not striated - contractile cells tapered at both ends. | ||||
| Muscles in walls of arteries. | Smooth muscle | ||||
| Muscle in stomach & intestines | Smooth muscle | ||||
| Muscle in bladder | Smooth muscle | ||||
| Muscle in sphincters | Smooth muscle | ||||
| Muscle containing many mitochondria | Skeletal muscle | ||||
| Cardiac Muscle | Only in heartwall - unevenly striated | ||||
| Communication junctions | Allow cardiac muscle cells to contract as one. | ||||
| Neurons | Cells that carry messages | ||||
| Neurons consist of? | Cell body w/nucleus & cytoplasm. | ||||
| Two types of extension/cell processes? | Branched & Axon | ||||
| Branched process (dendrites) | Dendrites pick up incoming messages. | ||||
| Axon | Conduct outgoing messages (mm - m long) | ||||
| Nerve | Cluster of processes from several nurons. | ||||
| Neuroglia | Accessory cells - 1/2 volume of nervous tissue. | ||||
| Astrocytes | Star-shaped cells that shuttle nutrients to neurons & insulate. | ||||
| Tight Junctions | Strands of protein that help stop leaking across tissue. | ||||
| Gap Junctions | Cannels that connect cytoplasm of adjacent cells. | ||||
| What junctions assist in cell communication & transfers? | Gap Junctions | ||||
| Branched Dendrites | Pick up chemical messages & pass them to outgoing axon. | ||||
| 3 types of epithelial membranes? | Cutaneous, mucous & serous | ||||
| Adhering junctions | Cement cells together on tissues that stretch. | ||||
| Desmosomes | Spot welds @ plasma membrane of 2 cells. | ||||
| Zonula Adherens Junctions | Form tight collars around epithelial cells. | ||||
| Acetylcholine | Neurotransmitter - facilites communication between neurons. | ||||
| Mucus (mucosae) Membrane | Pink, moist & line body cavities that open to exterior. | ||||
| What membranes line digestive & urinary? | Mucous membranes | ||||
| What membranes line respiratory? | Mucose membranes | ||||
| Which membranes line tubes & cavities? | Mucose membranes | ||||
| Serous Membranes | Occur in paired sheets - no glands - secrete fluids. | ||||
| Which membranes are found in closed ventral body cavities? | Serous Membranes | ||||
| Which membranes lubricate smooth surfaces? | Serous Membranes | ||||
| Cutaneous Membranes | Skin - keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. | ||||
| What is the epidermis made of? | Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. | ||||
| What membrane is a "dry" membrane? | Cutaneous membrane. | ||||
| Name the 4 basic tissue types? | Epithelial, Connective, Muscle & Nervous | ||||
| What is the basic role of epithelial tissue? | Covering | ||||
| What is the basic role of connective tissue? | Support | ||||
| What is the basic role of muscle tissue? | Movement | ||||
| What is the basic role of nervous tissue? | Control | ||||
| Fixed | Preserving a specimen | ||||
| Artifacts | Minor distortions - alterations | ||||
| Epithelial tissue occurs in body as? | Covering and lining epithelium & glandular epithelium. | ||||
| Epithelia form ___ between different environments. | Boundaries | ||||
| Roles of epithelium are? | Protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, & sendory reception. | ||||
| 3 special characteristics of epithelium are? | Polarity, specialized contacts & supported by connective tissue. | ||||
| Apical surface | Upper free surface exposed to body exterior or cavity. | ||||
| Basal surface | Lower surface attached to basal lamina. | ||||
| Most apical surfaces have ___. | Microvilli | ||||
| The epithelial lining of the trachea have motile ___. | Cilia | ||||
| Nonglandular epithelia are bound together by __. | Tight junctions & desmosomes | ||||
| Tight junctions in epithelium keep proteins in the apical region & maintain __. | Epithelial polarity | ||||
| All epithelial sheets rest upon & are supported by __. | Connective tissue | ||||
| Just deep to the basal lamina is the __. | Reticular lamina | ||||
| The basement membrane is the combination of __ & __. | Reticular lamina & basal lamina | ||||
| Innervated yet avascular tissue | Epithelium | ||||
| Endothelium | Simple, squamous - lymphatic & blood vessles, heart, & capillaries | ||||
| Mesothelium | Simple, squamous - in serous membranes & organ coverings | ||||
| Function of cubodial & columnar epithelium is? | Secretion & absorption | ||||
| Function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium is? | Secretion, particularly of mucus. | ||||
| What type of tissue in in respiratory tract w/motile cilia? | Psuedostratified columnar epithelium. | ||||
| Major role of stratified epithelia is? | Protection | ||||
| What type of epithelium lines mouth & esophagus? | Stratified squamous epithelium | ||||
| What type of epithelium is lining below hollow organs? | Transitional Epithelium | ||||
| Which epithelium can easily stretch & change shape? | Transitional Epithelium | ||||
| Name the most known unicellular gland | Goblet Cell | ||||
| Unicellular Glands | One-celled & scattered w/in epithelial sheets. | ||||
| Multicellular Glands | Most have ducts - more complex | ||||
| Invagination | Inward growth | ||||
| Evagination | Outward growth | ||||
| Most multicellular epithelial grlands form by __ & __. | Invagination & evagination | ||||
| Endocrine glands lose their ducts eventually and are called ___. | Ductless glands | ||||
| Enocrine glands produce___. | Hormones | ||||
| Glands secrete hormones by ___. | Exocytosis | ||||
| Diffuse Endocrine System | Hormone-producing cells scattered in different organs. | ||||
| Mucin | Mucus | ||||
| What is mucus made of? | Glycoprtein that dissolves in water and becomes a slimy coating. | ||||
| Multicellular exocrine glands have what 2 parts? | Duct & secretory unit (acinus) | ||||
| acinus | Secretory unit consisting of secretory cells. | ||||
| Extends into glands proper & divides it into lobes. | Supportive connective tissue - forms fibrous capsule. | ||||
| Simple Glands | Have unbranched duct. | ||||
| Compound Glands | Have a branched duct. | ||||
| Types of secretory units in a gland. | Tubular, alveolar, or tubuloalveolar | ||||
| Merocrine Glands | Exocrine gland that secretes by exocytosis. | ||||
| Holocrine Glands | Exocine glands that secrete until they rupture. Oil glands. | ||||
| Apocrine Glands | Exocrine glands - not in human but in animals. Pinches off. | ||||
| Connective Tissue Proper | Fat & fibrous tissue of ligaments. | ||||
| All connective tissue arise from __. | Mesenchyme - an embryonic tissue. | ||||
| Extracellular Matrix | Connective tissues are largely nonliving. | ||||
| Ground Substance | Contains fibers & holds larges amounts of fluid & functions as molecular sieve. | ||||
| The fibers of connective tissue provide __. | Support | ||||
| 3 fibers found in connective tissue. | Collagen, Elastic, & Reticular | ||||
| Collagen Fibers | (White fibers) Collagen - crosslinked - extremely tough & high tensile strength. | ||||
| Elastic Fibers | (Yellow fibers) Elastin - stretches & recoils - skin & lungs. | ||||
| Reticular Fibers | Short fine fibers - branch extensively - network - form fuzzy nets - blood vessels. | ||||
| Fibroblasts | Form connective tissue proper. | ||||
| Chondroblast | Forms cartilage | ||||
| Osteoblast | Forms bone | ||||
| Hematopoietic stem cell | Forms bloood | ||||
| Protoglycan | Aggregate in cartilage | ||||
| Plasma Cells | Antibody-producing cells | ||||
| Mast Cells | Initiate inflammatory response | ||||
| Heparin | Anticoagulant | ||||
| Stroma | Formed by reticular fibers - labyrinth-like - frameworkfor lymph nodes & bone marrow. | ||||
| Aponeuroses | Sheet-like tendons that attach muscles-muscles or bone-bone - forms fascia. | ||||
| Facia | Fibrous membrane - wraps around muscles, blood vessles & nerves | ||||
| Elastic Connective Tissue | Very elastic, dense regular conn. tissue | ||||
| Articular Cartilage | Hyaline cartilage covering ends of long bones | ||||
| Epiphyseal Plates | Actively growing regions near end of long bones - childhood. | ||||
| Osseous Tissue | Bone | ||||
| Intercalated Disks | In cardiac muscle - junctions where cells fit tightly together. | ||||
| Tissue repair occurs in 2 major ways. | Regeneration & fibrosis | ||||
| Fibrosis | Scar tissue | ||||
| Organization | Restores blood supply - replaces blood clot w/granulation tissue. | ||||
| Granulation Tissue | Pink tissue containing capillaries - new capillary bed. | ||||
| 3 Primary Germ Layers | Ectoderm, mesoderm & endoderm | ||||
| In adults, which tissues are highly miotic? | Epithelia & blood-forming tissue | ||||
| Which organs have abundant stem cells? | Epidermis & intestine-lining cells | ||||
| Neoplasm | Benign or malignant "new growth". | ||||
| Metastasis | Traveling to other body parts | ||||
| Adenoma | Any neoplasm of glandular epithelium | ||||
| Healing by first intention | Edges of wound are brought together by sutures. | ||||
| Healing by second intention | Wound gap is bridged by lg. amounts of grandulation tissue - lg scars. | ||||
| Keloid | Abnormal proliferation of connective tissue | ||||
| Marfan's syndrome | Genetic disease - abnormalities in connective tissue - fibrillin defect. Loose joints. | ||||
| Macrophages are found in __ & __. | Areolar & lymphatic | ||||
| Tendons are made of __ connective tissue. | Dense regular | ||||
| Salivary glands exibit __ glandular arrangement. | Tubuloalveolar (compound) | ||||
| Shock absorbing pads between vertebrae are formed by __. | Fibrocartilage | ||||
| Smooth muscle cellspossess central nuclei but lack __. | Striations | ||||
| Nervous tissue consists mainly of nerons and __. | Supporting cells | ||||
| Epithelial Polarity | Have a free surface & a basal surface. | ||||
| Stratified cuboidal is rare & found in __. | Ducts of some of the larger glands.` | ||||
| Sweat glands are __ glands. | Merocrine. | ||||
| Brown fat is found where? | Between shoulder blades of infants. | ||||
| Gland secretions produced by rupture are __. | Holocrine glands. | ||||
| Tissue with lots of collagen fibers are found __. | In tendons, ligaments, fibrous joint capsuels & coverings. | ||||
| Psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium have __. | Goblet cells. | ||||
| Wharton's Jelly | Fetal connective tissue - mucus connective tissue. | ||||
| Cardiac muscle tissue is __ nucleated. | Single | ||||
| __ muscle has intercalated discs and is branched. | Cardiac. | ||||
| __ live in the lacuna of cartilage. | Chondrocytes. | ||||
| Salivary glands are __ exocrine glands. | Compound tubuloalveolar. | ||||
| Osteocytes exist in a tiny void called a __. | Lacuna | ||||
| What is the one functional characteristic common to all macrophage-like cells? | Phagocytosis | ||||
| Kidney tubules are made of __ epithelium. | Simple cuboidal. | ||||
| __ muscle cells are multinucleated. | Skeletal. | ||||
| Multiple rows of epithelia where cells are apx. same size from basement membrane to lumen is __. | Transitional epithelia. | ||||
| The 3 main steps in tissue repair are? | Inflammation, organization, & regeneration. | ||||
| __ muscle cells are multinucleated. | Skeletal | ||||
| Glycosaminoglycans | Negatively charged polysaccharides. | ||||
| Inability to absorb digested nutrients is a disorder of? | Simple columnar epithelium. | ||||
| The tissue type that arises from all 3 embryonic germ layers is? | Epithelium. |
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Created by:
Ladystorm
on 2007-03-25