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| 1. The evolution of eyespots on butterfly wings shows that they were adapted from different genes in different species. This is an example of _________________ evolution. | convergent
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| 2. An alternation in the timing of a developmental event caused by a genetic mutation is called_________________. | heterochrony
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| 3. The transformation of one body part into another caused by genetic mutation is called _________________. | homeosis
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| 4. Another name for analogous structures is _________________ structures. | homoplastic
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| 5. A plant with its floral structures arranged around a central axis has _________________ flowers. | radial
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| 6. A gene that triggers lens formation in the eyes of both vertebrates and insects is the _________________ gene. | Pax6
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| 7. Most mutations that affect developmental regulatory genes are _________________. | lethal
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| 8. A protein that binds DNA at a specific promoter or enhancer region in order to regulate complementary RNA production is called a _________________ factor. | transcription
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| 9. A major paradox of development is how highly _________________ genes can produce diverse morphologies. | conserved
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| 10. Indirect development in sea urchins involves the presence of a _________________ stage. | larval
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| 11. A major biological paradox is that genes are generally highly conserved and yet | there is so much diversity among life forms existing today.
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| 12. Genes with similar sequences in two different species of organisms, such as humans and mice | may produce products that have slightly to dramatically different functions.
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| 13. The development of eyes has been intensively studied. Eyes of vertebrates and insects are | analogous (homoplastic), not homologous, yet the same Pax6 gene initiates development.
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| 14. Regarding genome sequences and organismal development, it is important to remember that | changing the timing of gene expression can have dramatic changes in development.
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| 15. The evolution of patterns on insect wings can be affected by all of the following functions except | aesthetics.
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| 16. One of the reasons why the model systems of yeast, Arabidopsis, nematode worms, fruit flies, and mice are so often used to study functional analysis of genes is because | they have short life cycles.
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| 17. Eyes in mammals and _____________ are examples of convergent evolution. | compound eyes in fruit flies
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| 18. Eyes in different animal groups arose independently many times, | and the genes triggering lens formation in these different groups are homologous.
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| 19. The Pax6 gene, responsible for initiating lens formation in mice, can be inserted into fruit flies and | can be expressed to initiate formation of a fruit fly eye, but in the wrong place.
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| 20. Experiments with ribbon worms and planaria have shown that | Pax6-related genes are not always required for eye regeneration.
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| 21. HOX and MADS box genes have all of the following in common except | they evolved recently.
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| 22. Which of the following is not usually involved in the development of a new morphology? | evolution of a new gene to code for the new morphology
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| 23. In the change from indirect development to direct development in sea urchins all of the following items are lost except | developmental genes.
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| 24. The evolution of initiation of limb development in tetrapods is best explained by | the co-option of an existing gene for a new function.
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| 25. The evolution of notochord development in ascidians is best explained by | the co-option of an existing gene for a new function.
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| 26. The evolution of development of snout-length in cichlid fish is best explained by | a single gene mutation.
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| 27. The evolution of insect wing patterns is best explained by | homoplastic convergence.
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| 28. The evolution of flower symmetry is best explained by | homoplastic convergence.
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| 29. The evolution of petals through the AP3 gene is best explained by | gene duplication and divergence.
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| 30. The evolution of cauliflower and broccoli from wild cabbage is best explained by | a single gene mutation.
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| 31. Which of the following statements about the evolution of cauliflower and broccoli from wild cabbage is false? | Natural selection favored the CAL gene with the stop codon over the ancestral CAL gene.
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| 32. Which of the following statements about the evolution of notochord development in ascidians is false? | The Brachyury gene is not present in vertebrates.
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| 33. Which of the following statements about the initiation of limb development in tetrapods is false? | The development of homologous structures usually involves activation of the same genes.
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| 34. Which of the following statements about the evolution of insect wing patterns is false? | Wing patterns, such as eyespots, are derived through the action of homologous genes on the distribution of scales in the wing.
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| 35. Which of the following statements about the evolution of flower symmetry is false? | All cases of flowers with bilateral symmetry involve the CYCLOIDIA (CYC) gene.
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| 36. Which of the following statements about the early evolution of flower development is false? | With the duplication of paleoAP3, AP3 gained a role in stamen development.
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| 37. Which of the following statements about experiments to determine the roles of AP3 and PI in petal development is false? | ap3 mutant plants can produce stamens but not petals.
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| 38. Which of the following statements about the roles of AP3 and PI in petal development in the eudicots is false? | The C terminus sequence of the AP3 protein is conserved among the ancestral flowering plants.
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| 39. Which of the following items is not an activity normally associated with functional gene analysis? | Work only with model organisms.
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| 40. Which of the following statements about the evolution of eyes is false | Different animal groups use different genes to code for eye development.
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| 41. Which of the following statements about the evolution of eyes in mice and fruit flies is false? | When the mouse gene Pax6 is inserted into a fruit fly; it forms a vertebrate-type lens on the fly's leg.
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| 42. Which of the following statements about the evolution of eye development in the ribbon worm (Lineussanquineus) and planaria is false? | Inactivating Pax6-related genes in planaria suppresses eyespot formation.
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| 43. Which of the following observations does not support the hypothesis that the initiation of eye development in animals occurred only once. | In some organisms, Pax6-related genes are associated with development of the forehead.
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| 44. Which of the following items does not clearly relate to the evolutionary paradox of development? | Much of phenotypic variation is environmentally caused.
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| 45. Which of the following statements about the cichlid fish of Lake Malawi is false? | Hundreds of different genes determine the length of the jaw in these fish.
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| 46. Which of the following statements about MADS box genes is false? | The MADS box region is highly divergent; other regions are highly conserved.
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