genetics
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| _______the basic unit of heredity | gene
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| alternative form of a gene | allele
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| Mendels law of dominance | dominant allele appears in the phenotype
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| ___ one trait is studied | monohybrid cross
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| in a monohybrid cross if two heterozygotes are crossed | 1:2:1 genotype
3:1 phenotype
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| testcross we cross ______ to the unknown genotype | recessive
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| _______two different traits are stuudied on different chromosomes | dihybrid cross
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| in dihybrid cross if two heterozygotes are crossed | 9:3:3:1 phenotype
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| Incomplet dominance | the phenotyps blend
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| in incomplet dominance if heterozygotes are crossed we get | 1:2:1 phenotypes
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| Codominance | more than one dominant
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| ______ pairs autosomes in humans | 22
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| sex linnked recessive traits are transferred from | father to daughter to grandson
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| nondisjunction | failure of separation of homolog in meiosisI or sister chromatids in meiosis II
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| down syndrome is caused by | trisomy of 21 chromosome
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| mutations in somatic cells may cause | tumors
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| mutations in sex cells will | be transmitted to offspring
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| sickle cell is caused by | substitution of valine (GUA or GUG) for glutaminc acid (GAG or GAA)
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| ____ is the basis of heredity | DNA
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| basic structure of DNA | deoxyribose bonded to both phosphate and nitrogenous base
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| Pyrimidines eg. | cytosine and thymine
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| Purine eg. | adenine and guanine
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| ______ have single C-nitrogen ring | Pyrimidine
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| _______ have double rings | purines
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| G ____ bonds to ______ | triple; cytosine
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| A _____ bonds to _____ | double; thymine
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| which nucleotide base pair is stronger and more stable | G triple bond to cytosine
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| semi conservative strand | replication involves an intact strand from parent
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| exons | code for proteins "sense"
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| introns | dont code for proteins "nonsense"
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| ________ unzips the heliz | Dna helicase
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| ______ complementary base pair the exposed base on one strand | DNa polymerase
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| codon | translation of dna to amino acids
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| function of rna | interpret dna code to direct protein synthesis
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| structure of rna | single stranded; ribose; uracil instead of thymine
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| DNA to mRNA | transcription
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| mRNA to protein | translation
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| start codon | AUG
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| stop codon | UAG, UGA, UAA
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| role of mRNA | transports complement of DNa from nucleus to ribosome
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| mRNA have _______ of DNA code | "inverted" complementary
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| most abundant rna | rRNA
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| role of tRNA | translate nucleotide code to amino acid sequence to ribisome
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| role of rRNA | main component of ribosome
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| _____ is synthesized in the nucleolus | rRNA
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| process of transcription | RNA polymerase transcribes DNA seq to mRNA sequence
- before translation enzymes remove introns and splice together extrons
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| translation | translate nucleotide to amino acid language; occurs in cytoplasm
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| process of translation | mRNA has leader sequence that allows ribosome to bind
- when it reaches start codon it finds a tRNA with activated anticodon
-the other end of tRNA names the amino acid
-ribosome enzyme forms peptide bond
-stop codon signals end of translation
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| the first amino acid of all proteins | methione
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| ribosomes have ____ binding sites for : | 3, mrna, and 2 for trna
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| the 2 subunits of ribosome bind only ____ | during protein synthesis
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| P site of ribosome | is for the trna with growing polypeptide
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| A site on ribosome | is for the trna with incoming amino acid terminal complex
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| polyribosome | many ribosome simultaneously transl8 single mRNA
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| G1 (first gap phase) | gap betwen cell division and dna replication
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| S ( synthesis phase) | cell dna is replicated
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| G2 (second gap phase) | gap b/t cell division and dna replication
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| M (mitotic phase) | cell division
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| Phases G1, S and G2 are collectively | Interphase
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| bacteria has a circular chromosome located in | nucleoid
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| bacteria dna is synthesized in which direction | 5' to 3'
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| bacteria reproduce by | binary fission ( asexual repr)
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| bacteria increase genetic variance by: | Transformation; conjugation; transduction
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| transformation | foreign plasmid incorporated in bacteria chromosome
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| conjugation | "sex" F+ (donor) transfers genetic material to F-
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| transduction | bacterial chromosome packaged in virus then inserted in a new host.
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| cross b/t orgs with different genes for same trait | recombination
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| _____ controls gene expression in prokaryotes | Transcription
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| in prokaryotes _______ binds to ______ to prevent genes being transscribed | repressor; operator
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| _____ the initial binding site for RNA polymerase in prokaryotes | Promoter gene
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| ______ synthesizes repressor molecule | Regulator gene
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| ______ binds to repressor to prevent it from binding to operator | inducer
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| Inducible system | requires inducer to allow transcription to occur
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| Repressible system | system will be in continuous transcription unless correpressor is present
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| correpressor role | attaches to repressor gene and activates it to prevent transcription
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| bacteriophage | virus that infects host bacteria
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| lytic cycle | bacteria cell bursts to release virions
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| lysogenic cycle | harmless unless change in environment then goes into lytic cycle
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| southern blots | detect specific dna sequence
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| dna ligase | joins dna fragments
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| PCR | amplify genes by:
-denatured dna has primers added to complement then dna polymerase to
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