Cell Structure & Function Vocab
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Cell | The basic unit of life.
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Cell Theory | The theory that all living things are composed of cells, cells are basic units of structure & function,& cells come from cells.
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Nucleus | A large membrane-enclosed structure that contains a cell's genetic material in the form of DNA.
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Eukaryotes | Cells that contain nuclei that separates their genetic material from the rest of the cell.
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Prokaryotes | Cells that do not contain nuclei; their genetic material is not contained in the nucleus.
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Organelles | A specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell.
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Cytoplasm | The portion of a cell outide the nuclues.
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Nuclear Envelope | The layer of two membranes that surrounds a cell's nucleus.
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Chromatin | The granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins.
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Chromosomes | A threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next.
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Nucleolus | A small dense region within most nuclei in which the assembly of protein begins.
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Ribosomes | A small particle in the cell on which proteins are assembled; made of RNA and protein.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum | The internal membrane system in cells in which lipid components of the cell membrane are asembled and some proteins are modified.
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Golgi Apparatus | The stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Lysosome | The cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell.
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Vacuole | The cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.
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Mitochondria | The cell organelle that coverts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use.
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Chloroplast | The organelle found in plants & some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight & converts it into chemical energy.
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Cytoskeleton | The network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maitain its shape & is involved in many forms of cell movement.
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Centriole | One of two tiny stuctures located in the cytoplasm of animals cells, near the nuclear envelope.
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Cell Membrane | The thin, flexible barrier around a cell that regulates what enters & leaves the cell.
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Cell Wall | A strong, supporting layer around the cell membrane found in plants,algae,& some bacteria.
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Lipid Bilayer | The double-layered sheet that forms the core of nearly all cell membranes.
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Cocentration | The mass of solute in a given volume of solution, or mass/volume.
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Diffusion | The process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated.
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Equilibrium | When the concentration of a solute is the same throughout a solution.
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Osmosis | The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable cell.
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Isotonic | When the concentration of two solutions is the same.
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Hypertonic | (Between two solutions) The solution with the greater concentration of solutes.
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Hypotonic | (Between two solutions) The solution with the lesser concentration of solutes.
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Facilitated Diffusion | The movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels.
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Active Transport | An energy-required process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference.
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Endocytosis | The process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane.
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Phagocytosis | Extensions of cytoplasm that surround a particle and package it within a vacuole.
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Pinocytosis | When tiny pockets form along the cell membrane, fill with liquid, and pinch off to form vacuoles within the cell.
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Exocytosis | When the membrane of the vacuole surrounding the material fuses with the cell membrane, forcing the contents out of the cell.
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Cell Specialization | The process in which cells throughout an organism can develop in different ways to perform different tasks.
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Tissue | A group of similar cells that perform a particular function.
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Organ | A group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions.
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Organ System | A group of organs that work together to perform a specific function.
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