lower skeleton
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| the pelvic girdle is composed of two halves, the what? | os coxae
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| _____ is formed when three separate bones are fused together. | os coxae
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| ____ can be used as a landmark to help you determine anterior and posterior on the os coxae. | greater sciatic notch
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| it's the largest of the three bones. | ilium
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| this large/flat bone forms the posterior/lateral portion of the pelvis. | ilium
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| the upper region of the ilium bone is the? | iliac crest
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| _____ can be felt when you put your hands on your hips. | iliac crest
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| the _____ is also an important landmark used when giving an intramuscular injection into the buttocks muscle | iliac crest
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| inferior to the ilium in the posterior pelvis is the ?? | ischium
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| this is the rounded bone you sit on. | ischium
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| anterior to ischium is the?? | pubis or pubic bones
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| this forms the front portion of the pelvis and join at the midline in an area referred to as the pubic symphysis. | pubic bones
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| the pubic bones forms the front portion of the pelvis and join at the midline in an area referred to as the?? | pubic symphysis
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| a piece of fibrocartilage links these two bones together. | pubic symphysis
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| in the inferior portion of the os coxa, a large hole, the ______ can be seen? | obturator foramen
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| on the lateral portion of the os coxa, a cup-like structure, the ______ can be found. | acetabulum
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| this is the socket of the ball-and-socket joint in the hip. | acetabulum
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| the ____ and _____ form the posterior border of the pelvis. | sacrum and coccyx
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| In the female, at the time of puberty, hormonal changes cause a rotation of the pelvis to open up the birth cana. The os coxae rotate forward on the sacrum, and pubic and ischial bones shift, creating a pelvic opening that is now more rounded | than heart-shaped as would be seen in male. In females, the sacrum is also less curved into the pelvic region than is the male's.
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| the ___ is the large bone of the thigh. | femur
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| the ___ extends medially from the proximal femur and is much larger than the head of the humerus. The head is the "ball" portion of the hip's ball-and- socket joint, fitting securely into the acetabulum of the os coxa | head
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| the _____ is a narrower section just lateral to the head of the femur. It connects the head to the rest of the femur but by its design is a very weak structure. As you age, especially women, the strength of the neck region starts to deteriorate. | neck
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| the ____ is a large bump on the lateral, proximal femur and serves as attachment point for important muscles of the hip. | greater trochanter
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| is the bump which lies inferior to the head. | lesser trochanter
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| at the distal end of the femur, are the articular surfaces that form joints with the other bones of the lower limb. The _____ and _____ form the articulation with the tibia | medial and lateral condyles
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| just proximal to the medial and lateral condyles are the ____and ____. you can feel these bumps on either side of the distal femur near the knee. | medial and lateral epicondyles
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| commonly known as the kneecap. is an irregularly shaped bone, 1-2 inches in diameter, that articulates with the anterior surface of the femur. This bone is a sesamoid bone to help reduce wear-and-tear on the tendon. | patella
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| a bone that is embedded into a muscle tendon. | sesamoid bone
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| is the larger, medial bone of the lower leg. you can feel it as a firm ridge at the front of the shin. | tibia
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| is the lateral bone of the lower leg. | fibula
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| the _____ is the projection from the distal end of the fibula. Fractures of the ankle often involve a separation of the lateral malleolus from the fibula when the ankle collapses sideways following a mid-step. | lateral malleolus
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| seven _____ bones form the ankle | tarsal
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| this bone forms the heal. | calcaneus
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| forms the articulation with the medial malleolous and articular surface of the tibia and the lateral malleolus of the fibula. | talus
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| five _____ form the foot | metatarsals
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| are non-moving joints. ex) suture lines of the skull, the epiphyseal plates of growing bone, and the tooth connections with the mandible and maxilla | synarthroses
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| slightly moving joints. ex)pubic symphysis and intervertebral joints. | amphiarthroses
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| freely moving joints. the majority of the body joints. they are synovial joints | diarthroses
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| is the fibrous band surrounding the joint help to hold the bones in proper positions and stabilizes the joint. | joint (articular) capsule
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| are fibrous bands that help bind bones of the articulation together. placement of these are critical b/c they can limit the movement of the bones. | ligaments
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| lines the inside of the joint capsule. this produces a small amount of lubricating synovial fluid. | synovial membrane
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| joint surfaces of the bones are covered with a thin layer of ______, smoothing out the joint surface. | articular cartilage
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| are non-moving joints. ex) suture lines of the skull, the epiphyseal plates of growing bone, and the tooth connections with the mandible and maxilla | synarthroses
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| slightly moving joints. ex)pubic symphysis and intervertebral joints. | amphiarthroses
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| freely moving joints. the majority of the body joints. they are synovial joints | diarthroses
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| is the fibrous band surrounding the joint help to hold the bones in proper positions and stabilizes the joint. | joint (articular) capsule
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| are fibrous bands that help bind bones of the articulation together. placement of these are critical b/c they can limit the movement of the bones. | ligaments
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| lines the inside of the joint capsule. this produces a small amount of lubricating synovial fluid. | synovial membrane
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| joint surfaces of the bones are covered with a thin layer of ______, smoothing out the joint surface. | articular cartilage
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| a few joints (e.g. the knee) also contain a special cartilage pad called a ? | meniscus
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| some joints have special fluid-filled pouches, or? which reduce friction w/in the joint, typically between the tendon, ligament, or muscle and the bone surface. | bursa
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| are characterized by flat articular surfaces sliding back and forth. ex) carpals, tarsals, clavicle, scapula. | gliding joints
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| have a cylindrically shaped bone that moves within a concave surface of the opposing bone, much like the hinge on a door. ex) elbow, knee, and phalanges | hinge joints
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| generally have a rounded or pointed surface that rotates w/in or around another bone. ex) atlas & axis. radius & ulna | pivot joints
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| are characterized by a rounded ball that moves w/in a cup-like structure of the opposing bone. ex) hip & shoulder | ball and socket joint
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| involves the junction of the humerus, scapula, and clavicle. a number of ligaments help to hold these bones in place and multiple muscles assist the movement of the joint. The tendons form the rotator cuff which helps to hold the head of humerusintoglenoi | shoulder joint
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| is a compound joint formed by the articulation of the radius with the humerus and the ulna with the humerus . are surrounded by a single, very thick joint capsule, making the elbow a very stable joint | elbow joint
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| is a very stable joint formed by the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the pelvis. The deep socket formed by the acetabulum and the strong articular capsule make the hip a very stable joint. | hip joint
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| is also a compound joint, formed by the articulation of the femur with the tibia ( a hinge joint) and the femur with the patella ( a gliding joint). the knee has multiple compartments and joint capsules. | knee joint
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| To help cushion the impact between the bones, the ____ & ____, cartilaginous pads, are placed between the condyles of the femur and the tibia to protect the articular cartilage of the bones. | medial meniscus and lateral meniscus
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| to stabilize the joint, numerous ligaments are fibrous bands on the medial and lateral aspects of the knee, connecting the tibia and femur. | collateral ligaments
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| crossing diagonally through the center of the knee joint are the ____ which also connect to the menisci. | cruciate ligaments
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| is the tendon of the quadriceps muscles, found on the anterior thigh, into which the patella has been imbedded. Inserts on the tibial tuberosity. The femur has a very shallow trough in which the patella glides.` | patellar tendon
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