Protozoas
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| Describe the group of organisms we know as Protozoa. | Eukaryotic; Unicellular; No cell wall
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| Protozoa are usually grouped according to their means of locomotion. Name and describe these groups. | Pseudopods—false feet; Flagella—long; Cilia—short; No means of motility
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| In what two life stages or forms can we find Protozoa? | “Troph” stage and Cyst stage
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| How do we get infected with Entamoeba histolytica? | Ingesting cysts in contaminated food or water
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| What condition does Entamoeba histolytica cause? | Amoebic dysentery
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| What symptoms might we see in someone infected with Entamoeba? | Ulcers in intestinal wall, abscesses in liver
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| What is dysentery? | Bloody diarrhea that can result in severe dehydration
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| How do we diagnose disease caused by Entamoeba histolytica? | By its cyst stage—four nuclei with karysome in each, cigar-shaped chromatin body, perfectly spherical shape
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| How do we get infected with Naegleria fowleri? | Found in sandy bottoms of warm waters; Gets stirred up when people jump in water; Ingested through nose
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| Describe the disease process and consequences of being infected with Naegleria fowleri. | The organism is very invasive and when it gets high into the nasal passages, it can pass into the brain where it sets up a fatal infection called PAM (primary amoebic meningoencephalitis); Similar to bacterial meningitis symptoms; could lead to death
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| Who would most likely get infected with Acanthamoeba? | People who wear contact lenses
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| What kinds of symptoms are associated with infection by Acanthamoeba? | Eye infections
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| How can infection of Acanthamoeba be prevented? | Storing and handling contact lenses appropriately
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| What is the “common” name for the condition caused by Trichomonas vaginalis? | “ping-pong vaginitis”
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| Why is Trichomonas vaginalis only transmitted by intimate contact? | Because it has no cyst stage and cannot survive outside its host for very long
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| What is the “common” name for Giardia lamblia? | “backpacker’s parasite”
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| How do we become infected with Giardia lamblia? | Drinking water without purifying it
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| How can you prevent infection of Giardia lamblia? | Boiling water for 5-10 minutes or filtering water
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| What are the common symptoms of infection with Giardia lamblia? | Deep, sulphur tasting burps; Abdominal discomfort, severe diarrhea, malabsorption, milk intolerance, and weight loss
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| How does Giardia lamblia attach to your intestinal mucosa? | An ovoid, concave sucking disc occupies about three-fourths of the flat ventral surface—used to attach to intestinal mucosa
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| Trypanosoma species need a vector for transmission. What are the vectors for African Sleeping Sickness and Chagas Disease? | African Sleep Sickness—tsetse fly; Chagas Disease—reduviid bug (“kissing bug”)
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| What are the general symptoms for the systemic diseases African Sleeping Sickness and Chagas Disease? | Fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, and central nervous system involvement leading to coma and death
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| What is the vector for Leishmania? | Sand fly
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| What three types of Leishmaniasis do we find in humans? | Cutaneous; Mucocutaneous; Visceral form
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| What “common” name do we give cases of Leishmaniasis that are seen in patients coming back from Iraq? | “Baghdad boil”
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| How do we get infected with Balantidium coli? | Fecal-oral route—consuming contaminated food and/or water
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| In what groups of people would Balantidium coli be most prevalent? | People in U.S. mental hospitals, nursing homes, prisons; places of crowding and lack of good hygiene
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| Definitive host | host where we find the adult organism/host where sexual reproduction occurs
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| Intermediate host | hosts where asexual reproduction occurs and where we find developing forms of the parasite
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| What disease is caused by the parasite Plasmodium? | Malaria
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| What is the genus of the vector that transmits Plasmodium? | Anopheles
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| Name the definitive and intermediate hosts for Plasmodium. | Definitive—mosquito; Intermediate—human
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| What does Plasmodium do in the human host once it is injected by the bite of the mosquito? | Invade the liver and undergo asexual multiplication; Then invade red blood cells; Blood stream phase of infection
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| What causes the disease symptoms observed in Plasmodium infection? | Lysis of the red cells liberates products of metabolism of the parasites and the red cells—toxic materials cause symptoms
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| What animal is the definitive host for Toxoplasma? | Cat
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| How do cats get infected with Toxoplasma? | By eating an infected mouse or rat
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| How do man, sheep, dogs, cows, and other animals get infected with Toxoplasma? | Ingestion of undercooked meat of infected animal, contact with dried feces of cats (such as when cleaning litter boxes)
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| Why are pregnant women cautioned about cat litter boxes? | The fetus can develop severe congenital defects from exposure to Toxoplasma such as retinochoroiditis, mental retardation, convulsions, blindness, and death
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| How do man and animals get infected with Cryptosporidium? | Fecal-oral route
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| For whom is Cryptosporidium particularly dangerous? | Immunocompromised people; people with AIDS
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| How must we control Cryptosporidium in our water supply? | Subject water to microfiltration using filters with pores no larger than 0.2 micrometers
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| What stain is used to detect the oocysts of Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora in fecal samples? | Acid-fast stain
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| What are the symptoms of Cryptosporidium infection? | Profuse, watery diarrhea; abdominal cramping, nausea, low-grade fever, and headache
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