Circulation: Overview
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| Why is the circulatory system necessary? | To transport molecules rapdily over long distance
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| What does the circulatory system transfer materials across? | between internal cells and the body's surface and between the various specialized tissues and organs.
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| What comprises the circulatory systeM | Blood, set of interconnected tubes through which blood flows, and a pump that produces the flow
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| What are the tubes? | Blood vessels
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| What is the pump? | The heart
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| What composes the blood? | Cells, plasma, and erythrocytes
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| What are the three cell types in blood? | Erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets
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| What is the plasma? | Liquid in which cells are suspended.
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| What is plasma made of? | Proteiins, nutrients, and metabolic end products, hormones, and mineral electrolytes
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| What percent of blood cells are erythrocytes? | The most!!
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| What do erythrocytes contain? | Hemoglobin
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| What is it? | Oxygen binding protien made of heme and globin
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| Where does the oxygen bind? | On the iron in heme
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| Where are erythrocytes produced? | In bone marrow
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| Where are they destroyed? | LIver and spleen
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| What is essential for erythrocyte formation? | Iron, folic acid, vitamin B12
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| What is erythropoietin? | Hormone produced in kidneys in response to low oxygen supply.
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| What does it stimulate? | Erythrocyte differentiation and production by bone marrow
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| What is anemia? | A decrease in total number of erythrocytes, and a diminished concentration of hemoglobin per erythrocyte
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| What are some potential causes? | Dietary deficiency, bone marrow failure, blood loss, and decreased erythropoietin.
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| What are the three types of leukocytes? | Polymorphonuclear granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes
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| What are polymorph granulocytes? | Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
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| What are platelets? | Cell fragments essential for blood clotting
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| Where do all blood cells descend from? | Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells from bone marrow
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| ^___RELAX_____^ | ^____RELAX____^
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| What does the cardiovascular system consist of? | Two circuits, both originating and terminating in the heart
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| What is the heart divided into? | Longitudinally into two functional halves, each containing two chambers
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| What are th e two heart chambers? | Atrium and ventricle
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| What is teh atrium? | Empties into the ventricle
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| What is the ventricle? | EJECTS into arterial circulation
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| What are the two heart circuits? | Pulmonary and systemic circulation
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| What is the pulmonary circulation? | Blood travels from right ventricle to the lungs and then to the LA
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| What is the sytemic circulation? | Blood travels from LV to all organs and tissues other than the lungs andthen to the right atrium
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| Where do arteries carry blood? Generally, where do veins carry blood? | Away from the heart; to the heart
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| SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION | SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
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| Aorta: | The large artery leaving the left heart
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| Superior and inferior Vena cava: | The large veins emptying into the right heart
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| What are the vessels in the pulmonary circulation? | Pulmonary trunk and the four pulmonary veins
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| What does microcirculation consist of? | Vessels between arteries and veins.
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| What are those vessels? | Arterioles, capillaries, and venules
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| DISTRIBUTION OF SYTEMIC BLOOD FLOW | DISTRIBUTION OF SYSTEMIC BLOOD FLOW
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| PRESSURE, FLOW, AND RESISTANCE | PRESSURE, FLOW, AND RESISTANCE
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| Pressure: | Force exerted by the blood
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| Blood flow related to pressure: | From a region of higher pressure to one of lower pressure
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| Units of measurement of blood flow? | Volume per unit of time (liters/ min)
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| Resistance: | Indication of how difficult it is for blood to flow between two points at any given pressure difference
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| What is the relationship of flow to resistance? | Flow is inversely proportional to resistance
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| What is the basic equation for calculating resistance? | Pressure = Flow x resistance
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| What does resistance determine? | SEE BELOW
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| What is ressitance directly proportional to? | Viscosity of a fluid and length of the tube
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| What is it inversely proportional to? | Fourth power of the tube's radius
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| What is a major variable for controlling changes in resistance? | Tube's radius to the fourth power
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| SEE EQUATION | SEE EQUATION--P. 201
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Created by:
talkglitter2486